Turkish

Code ISO 639-3: tur

Classification: Turkic > Common Turkic > Oghuz > Nuclear Oghuz > West Oghuz > Turkish

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Gerjan van Schaaik 2020)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Pays ou régions dans lesquelles l'entrepôt dispose d'enregistrements
Région Code Nombre
Cyprus CY 11
France FR 4
Turkey TR 12
Rechercher toutes les ressources de l'entrepôt sur cette langue: Turkish

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

  • Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Complex Sentences:'When' Clauses = "Deranked" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Complex Sentences:Purpose Clauses = "Deranked" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Complex Sentences:Reason Clauses = "Balanced/deranked" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Complex Sentences:Relativization on Obliques = "Gap" (réf. Comrie 1998 )
  • Complex Sentences:Relativization on Subjects = "Gap" (réf. Comrie 1998 )
  • Complex Sentences:Utterance Complement Clauses = "Balanced/deranked" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Lexicon:Finger and Hand = "Different" (réf. Kornrumpf 1960 )
  • Lexicon:Hand and Arm = "Different" (réf. Kornrumpf 1960 )
  • Lexicon:M in First Person Singular = "m in first person singular" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Lexicon:M in Second Person Singular = "No m in second person singular" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Lexicon:M-T Pronouns = "M-T pronouns, paradigmatic" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Lexicon:N-M Pronouns = "No N-M pronouns" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Lexicon:Numeral Bases = "Decimal" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Lexicon:Tea = "Words derived from Sinitic cha" (réf. Malherbe and Rosenberg 1996 )
  • Morphology:Case Syncretism = "No syncretism" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Morphology:Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Monoexponential case" (réf. Lewis 1967, Swift 1963, Underhill 1976 )
  • Morphology:Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection = "monoexponential TAM" (réf. Swift 1963, Underhill 1976, Lewis 1967 )
  • Morphology:Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Exclusively concatenative" (réf. Lewis 1967, Swift 1963, Underhill 1976 )
  • Morphology:Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb = "6-7 categories per word" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Morphology:Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases = "Double marking" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Morphology:Locus of Marking in the Clause = "Dependent marking" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Morphology:Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology = "Inconsistent or other" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing" (réf. Erguvanli 1984, Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976, Thomas 1967, Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Morphology:Reduplication = "Productive full and partial reduplication" (réf. Godel 1945 )
  • Morphology:Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking = "Not syncretic" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Morphology:Zero Marking of A and P Arguments = "Non-zero marking" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Symmetrical" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Identity"
  • Nominal Categories:Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers = "Formally different" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "No definite, but indefinite article" (réf. Erguvanli 1984 )
  • Nominal Categories:Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = "Two-way contrast" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "Marked by suffix" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "No gender distinctions" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "Indefinite word same as 'one'" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976, Thomas 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Generic-noun-based" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Identical" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "6-7 cases" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "None" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Numeral Classifiers = "Optional" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Occurrence of Nominal Plurality = "All nouns, always obligatory" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "First/one-th, two-th, three-th"
  • Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "No person marking" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person stem + nominal plural affix" (réf. Kononov 1941 )
  • Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "Binary politeness distinction" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "Case suffixes" (réf. Underhill 1976, Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "Possessive suffixes" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = "Different inflection" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "No gender" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "No gender" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:The Associative Plural = "Associative same as additive plural" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Categories:Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives = "Related to remote demonstratives" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "Possessive-Accusative" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Adjectives without Nouns = "Without marking" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses = "Highly differentiated" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Nominal and Verbal Conjunction = "Identity" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Noun Phrase Conjunction = "'And' different from 'with'" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Number of Possessive Nouns = "None reported" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Obligatory Possessive Inflection = "Absent" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Possessive Classification = "No possessive classification" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Other:Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks = "Logical meanings" (réf. Darwin 1872 )
  • Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Average" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "Average" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "No fixed stress" (réf. Underhill 1976, Lees 1961, Kornfilt 1997, Sezer 1983 )
  • Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "High and mid" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "No glottalized consonants" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Rhythm Types = "No rhythmic stress" (réf. Underhill 1976, Lees 1961, Kornfilt 1997, Sezer 1983 )
  • Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Moderately complex" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "No velar nasal" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Phonology:Tone = "No tones" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "None" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "None missing in /p t k b d g/" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In both plosives and fricatives" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Vowel Nasalization = "Contrast absent" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999, Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Large (7-14)" (réf. Zimmer and Orgun 1999 )
  • Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "Lexical stress" (réf. Underhill 1976, Lees 1961, Kornfilt 1997, Sezer 1983 )
  • Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere" (réf. Underhill 1976, Lees 1961, Kornfilt 1997, Sezer 1983 )
  • Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases = "Nominative - accusative (standard)" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns = "Nominative - accusative (standard)" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Accusative" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Antipassive Constructions = "No antipassive" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Applicative Constructions = "No applicative construction" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Comparative Constructions = "Locational" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Indirect-object construction" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Subject affixes on verb" (réf. Lewis 1967, Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present" (réf. Haspelmath 1997, Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative affix" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Identical" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Morphological but no compound" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Other Roles of Applied Objects = "No applicative construction"
  • Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Periphrastic Causative Constructions = "Purposive but no sequential" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Question particle" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Nonverbal encoding" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Predicative Possession = "Genitive" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Productivity of the Antipassive Construction = "no antipassive" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Reciprocal Constructions = "Distinct from reflexive" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation = "A/Cat" (réf. van Schaaik 1994 )
  • Simple Clauses:Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Both" (réf. van Schaaik 1994 )
  • Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "Zero in all 3sg forms" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "Only the A argument" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Impossible" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "Part of the tense system" (réf. Aksu-Koç and Slobin 1986 )
  • Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Affixes on verbs" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Maximal system" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "Overlap for both possibility and necessity" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "Grammatical marking" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Tense-aspect suffixes" (réf. Underhill 1976, Lewis 1967 )
  • Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "Direct and indirect" (réf. Aksu-Koç and Slobin 1986 )
  • Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Affixes on verbs" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Verbal Categories:Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect = "Tense" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Verbal Categories:Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives = "None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)"
  • Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "Inflectional future exists" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "Second singular and second plural" (réf. Kornfilt 1997 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent" (réf. Lewis 1967, Kononov 1956 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "Present, no remoteness distinctions" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "No perfect" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + normal negative" (réf. Kornfilt 1997, van Schaaik 1994, Németh 1962 )
  • Verbal Categories:Verbal Number and Suppletion = "None" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:NegSOV Order = "No NegSOV" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Adjective-Noun" (réf. Thomas 1967, Lewis 1967 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Postpositions" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Mixed" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Degree word-Adjective" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Demonstrative-Noun" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Genitive-Noun" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "[V-Neg]" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "OV" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb = "XOV" (réf. Lewis 1967 )
  • Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Relative clause-Noun" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SOV" (réf. Erguvanli 1984, Lewis 1967 )
  • Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Not initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "MorphNeg" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "Final" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "[V-Neg]" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Prenominal relative clauses = "Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant" (réf. Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "OV and AdjN"
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "OV and Postpositions"
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "OV and RelN"
  • Word Order:SNegOV Order = "No SNegOV" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:SONegV Order = "No SONegV" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )
  • Word Order:SOVNeg Order = "Suffix&NoDoubleNeg" (réf. Underhill 1976, Lewis 1967 )
  • Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages = "SO[V-Neg]" (réf. Lewis 1967, Underhill 1976 )

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_tur

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

  • TURKISH (upsid 597) (33 segments)
    a , b , c , d̠ʒ , d̪ , f , h , j , k , l̪|l , m , n̪ , o̞ , p , r , s , t̠ʃ , t̪ , v , z , œ , ɛ , ɟ , ɡ , ɣ , ɪ , ɯ̞ , ʃ , ʊ , ʎ , ʏ , ʒ , ʔ
  • Turkish (ea 2416) (38 segments)
    ä , äː , b , cʰ , d̠ʒ , d̻ , e̞ , e̞ː , f , h , i , iː , j , kʰ , l̻ , m , n̻ , o̞ , o̞ː , pʰ , s̻ , t̠ʃʰ , t̻ʰ , u , uː , y , z̻ , æ , ø̞ , ɟ , ɡ , ɫ̻ , ɯ , ɯː , ɾ̻ , ʃ , ʋ , ʒ
  • Turkish (spa 186) (40 segments)
    a , aː , b , cʰ , d , d̠ʒ , f , h , i , iː , j , kʰ , l , m , n , o̞ , o̞ː , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃʰ , u , uː , v , y , yː , z , œ , œː , ɛ , ɛː , ɟ , ɡ , ɯ , ɯː , ɾ , ʃ , ʎ , ʒ , ʔ
  • Turkish (uz 2217) (36 segments)
    a , aː , b , c , d̠ʒ , d̪ , e , eː , f , h , i , iː , j , k , lʲ , l̪ˠ , m , n̪ , o , p , s̪ , t̠ʃ , t̪ , u , uː , v , y , z̪ , œ , ɟ , ɡ , ɣ , ɯ , ɾ , ʃ , ʒ

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

  • 1928. Secme halk siirleri: Türk Halk Bilgisi Dernegi "Irsat" encümenince tertip ve dernek Istanbul mümessilligince nesredilmistir. (Türk Halk Bilgisi Dernegi nesriyati, 2.) Ankara. 31pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • 1932. Söz derleme klavuzu. Istanbul: Devlet Matbaasi. 42pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • 1935. Osmanlicadan türkceye cep kilavuzu. Istanbul: Devlet Basimevi. xii+371pp. (LU: TRK). (cf. référence complète)
  • 1935. Türkceden osmanlicaya cep kilavuzu. Istanbul: Devlet Basimevi. x+340pp. (LU: TRK). (cf. référence complète)
  • 1974. Dil yazilari. (Türk Dil Kurumu yayinlari : 387 + 395, Türk Dil Kurumu yayinlari.) Ankara: Ankara Üniv. Basimevi. 282pp. (TDK tanitma yayinlari dil konulari dizisi. TDK tanitma yayinlari dil konulari dizisi ; 27 + 28). (cf. référence complète)
  • 1977. Türk folkloru arastirmalari yilligi 1976. (Milli folklor arastirma dairesi yayinlari ; 25 : Süreli yayinlar dizisi ; 3.) Ankara: Ankara Üniv. Basimevi. vi+510pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • 1986. Asik Ferki: hayati ve eserleri. (Esin dergisi yayinlari, 1.) Prizren: Esin Yayinlari. 246pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • A. N. Baskakov and N. P. Golubeva and A. A. Kyamileva and K. M. Lyubimov and F. A. Salimzyaneva and R. R. Yusipova. 1977. Turetssko-Russkij Slovar'. Moskva: Russkij Jazyk. 967pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Abdurrazak, Gokce Yukselen. 2012. The Tense, Aspect, Mood-Modality System of the Turkish Spoken in Cyprus: A Socio-Linguistic Perspective. (Doctoral dissertation, University of London; 289pp.) (cf. référence complète)
  • Abu-Hayyan. 1931. Kitab al-Idrak li-Lisan al-Atrak. Istanbul: Evkaf Matbaasi. 186pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Adali, Bilgin. 1972. Asik Garip. (TDK halk kitaplari halk öyküleri dizisi, 1.) Ankara: Ankara Üniv. Basimevi. 77pp. (Türk Dil Kurumu yayinlari. Türk Dil Kurumu yayinlari ; 349). (cf. référence complète)
  • Aganin, Rasid A. and Nasilov, V. M. 1959. Povtory i odnorodnye parnye socetanija v sovremennom tureckom jazyke. Moskva: Izdat. Vostocnoj Literatury. 143pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Ahmed, Fakih. 1956. Carhname. (Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi yayinlari, 684.) Istanbul: Pulhan Matbaasi. 98pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Ahmedi. 1983. Iskender-name: inceleme, tipkibasim. (Türk Dil Kurumu yayinlari, 504.) Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi. vii+52pp. (Text osman, in arab. Schrift). (cf. référence complète)
  • Akca, A. Kemal. 1940. Sillenin halk sairleri. (Konya halkevi nesriyati, 9.) Konya: Hasim Basimevi. 198pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Aksu-Koç, Ayhan A. and Dan I. Slobin. 1986. A Psychological Account of the Development and Use of Evidentials in Turkish. In Wallace Chafe and Johanna Nichols (eds.), Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, 159-167. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex. (cf. référence complète)
  • Aksu-Koç, Ayhan. 1988. The acquisition of aspect and modality: the case of past reference in Turkish. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. xii+245pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Albro, Daniel Matthew. 1998. Evaluation, implementation, and extension of primitive optimality theory. Los Angeles: Univ.of Calif. (MA thesis, Los Angeles: Universityof Calif.; ix+97pp.) (cf. référence complète)
  • Ali, Sir Nawai and Ali, Sir Nevai. 1967. Ali Sir Nevai: 3. Cilt, Hamse ; Hayretül-ebrar, Ferhad ü Sirin, Leyli vü Mecnun, Seba-i Seyyar, Sedd-i Iskenderi. (Türk Dil Kurumu yayinlari, 253.) Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi. viii+566pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Ali, Sir Nawai. 1962. Ali Sir Nevai: hayati ve eserleri. (Dogu Türkistan Göcmenler Cemiyeti nesriyati, 2.) Istanbul: Fakülteler Matbaasi. 64pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Anetshofer, Helga. 2005. Temporale Satzverbindungen in altosmanischen Prosatexten: mit einer Teil. (Turcologica, 57.) aus Behcetü'l-Hada'iq (1303 und 1429), Muqaddime-i Qutbeddin (1433) und Ferec ba'de's-sidde (1451) edn. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. xii+388pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Arat, Resid R. 1965. Eski Türk siiri. (Türk Tarih Kurumu yayinlari : 7. seri, 45.) Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi. xxiii+506pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Atalay, Besim. 1945. Ettuhfet-üz-zekiyye fil-lugat-it-Türkiyye. (TDK : C, 2, 21.) Istanbul: Türk Dil Kurumu. xxxii+296pp. (Text teilw. arab. - LU: TRK). (cf. référence complète)
  • Auber, Jacques. 1958. Français, Malgache, Bantus, Arabes, Turcs, Chinois, Canaques ... Parlons-nous une même langue? Essai de sémantique comparée. Tananarive. (cf. référence complète)
  • Balcı, Ercan. 2006. A Government Phonology Analysis of Turkish Consonants. İstanbul: Bogaziçi Univ. xi+185pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Bang, Willy. 1918. Monographien zur türkischen Sprachgeschichte. (Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Stiftung Heinrich Lanz, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 1918,12.) Heidelberg: Winter. 48pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Bang, Willy. 1919. Vom Köktürkischen zum Osmanischen: Vorarbeiten zu einer vergleichenden Grammatik des Türkischen. (Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, 5.) Berlin: Verl. der Akad. der Wiss. 79pp. (Einzelausgabe. Aus den Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Jahrgang 1919. Phil.-Hist. Klasse, No. 5. Enth.: 2. Mitteilung: Über einige schallnachahmende Verba. - 3. Mitteilung: Das Formans -gu bei Verben auf -a usw.) (cf. référence complète)
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