English
Code ISO 639-3: eng
Classification: Indo-European > Classical Indo-European > Germanic > Northwest Germanic > West Germanic > North Sea Germanic > Anglo-Frisian > Anglic > Later Anglic > Middle-Modern English > Macro-English > English
Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)
Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Huddleston, Rodney D. and Pullum, Geoffrey K. 2002)
Ressources dans l'entrepôt
Région | Code | Nombre | |
---|---|---|---|
Austria | AT | 12 | |
Australia | AU | 240 | |
Canada | CA | 2 | |
Côte d'Ivoire | CI | 3 | |
Cameroon | CM | 1 | |
China | CN | 16 | |
Germany | DE | 9 | |
Denmark | DK | 5 | |
Estonia | EE | 1 | |
Ethiopia | ET | 40 | |
Faroe Islands | FO | 4 | |
France | FR | 102 | |
Greenland | GL | 30 | |
Iceland | IS | 10 | |
Italy | IT | 62 | |
Latvia | LV | 3 | |
Morocco | MA | 1 | |
Myanmar [Burma] | MM | 9 | |
Nigeria | NG | 6 | |
Papua New Guinea | PG | 8 | |
Tanzania | TZ | 1 | |
United States | US | 3 |
Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS
- Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit"
- Complex Sentences:'When' Clauses = "Balanced/deranked"
- Complex Sentences:Purpose Clauses = "Balanced/deranked"
- Complex Sentences:Reason Clauses = "Balanced/deranked"
- Complex Sentences:Relativization on Obliques = "Relative pronoun"
- Complex Sentences:Relativization on Subjects = "Relative pronoun"
- Complex Sentences:Utterance Complement Clauses = "Balanced"
- Lexicon:Finger and Hand = "Different"
- Lexicon:Green and Blue = "Green vs. blue"
- Lexicon:Hand and Arm = "Different"
- Lexicon:M in First Person Singular = "m in first person singular"
- Lexicon:M in Second Person Singular = "No m in second person singular"
- Lexicon:M-T Pronouns = "No M-T pronouns"
- Lexicon:N-M Pronouns = "No N-M pronouns"
- Lexicon:Number of Basic Colour Categories = "11"
- Lexicon:Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories = "6"
- Lexicon:Numeral Bases = "Decimal"
- Lexicon:Red and Yellow = "Red vs. yellow"
- Lexicon:Tea = "Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te"
- Morphology:Case Syncretism = "Core cases only"
- Morphology:Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "No case"
- Morphology:Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection = "monoexponential TAM"
- Morphology:Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Exclusively concatenative"
- Morphology:Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb = "2-3 categories per word"
- Morphology:Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases = "Dependent marking"
- Morphology:Locus of Marking in the Clause = "Dependent marking"
- Morphology:Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology = "Dependent-marking"
- Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing"
- Morphology:Reduplication = "No productive reduplication" (réf. Erickson 2001 )
- Morphology:Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking = "Syncretic"
- Morphology:Zero Marking of A and P Arguments = "Non-zero marking"
- Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical" (réf. Quirk et al. 1985 )
- Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix"
- Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Identity"
- Nominal Categories:Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers = "Formally similar, without interrogative"
- Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "Definite word distinct from demonstrative"
- Nominal Categories:Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = "Two-way contrast"
- Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "No distributive numerals"
- Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "3rd person singular only" (réf. Quirk et al. 1972 )
- Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns = "No inclusive/exclusive"
- Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection = "'We' the same as 'I'"
- Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "Indefinite word distinct from 'one'"
- Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Generic-noun-based"
- Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Identical"
- Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "2 cases" (réf. Quirk et al. 1985 )
- Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "Three"
- Nominal Categories:Numeral Classifiers = "Absent"
- Nominal Categories:Occurrence of Nominal Plurality = "All nouns, always obligatory"
- Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "First, second, three-th"
- Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "No person marking" (réf. Quirk et al. 1972 )
- Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person-number stem"
- Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "No politeness distinction"
- Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "No case affixes or adpositional clitics"
- Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "No possessive affixes"
- Nominal Categories:Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = "Identical"
- Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "Sex-based"
- Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "Semantic"
- Nominal Categories:The Associative Plural = "No associative plural"
- Nominal Categories:Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives = "Related for all demonstratives" (réf. Quirk et al. 1985 )
- Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "Mixed"
- Nominal Syntax:Adjectives without Nouns = "Marked by following word"
- Nominal Syntax:Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses = "Highly differentiated"
- Nominal Syntax:Nominal and Verbal Conjunction = "Identity"
- Nominal Syntax:Noun Phrase Conjunction = "'And' different from 'with'"
- Nominal Syntax:Number of Possessive Nouns = "None reported"
- Nominal Syntax:Obligatory Possessive Inflection = "Absent"
- Nominal Syntax:Possessive Classification = "No possessive classification"
- Other:Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks = "Affective meanings"
- Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Average" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "Low" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "No fixed stress" (réf. Trommelen and Zonneveld 1999b )
- Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "None" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "No glottalized consonants" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "'Th' sounds" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Rhythm Types = "Trochaic" (réf. Trommelen and Zonneveld 1999b )
- Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Complex" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "No initial velar nasal"
- Phonology:Tone = "No tones" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "None" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "None missing in /p t k b d g/" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In both plosives and fricatives" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Vowel Nasalization = "Contrast absent" (réf. Moulton 1962 )
- Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Large (7-14)" (réf. Gimson 1970 )
- Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "Long vowel or coda consonant" (réf. Trommelen and Zonneveld 1999b )
- Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Right-oriented: One of the last three" (réf. Trommelen and Zonneveld 1999b )
- Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases = "Neutral"
- Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns = "Nominative - accusative (standard)"
- Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Accusative" (réf. Quirk et al. 1972 )
- Simple Clauses:Antipassive Constructions = "No antipassive"
- Simple Clauses:Applicative Constructions = "No applicative construction"
- Simple Clauses:Comparative Constructions = "Particle"
- Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Mixed"
- Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Obligatory pronouns in subject position"
- Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Mixed behaviour"
- Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative particle"
- Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Identical"
- Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Morphological but no compound"
- Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Quirk et al. 1972 )
- Simple Clauses:Other Roles of Applied Objects = "No applicative construction"
- Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Quirk et al. 1972 )
- Simple Clauses:Periphrastic Causative Constructions = "Sequential but no purposive"
- Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Interrogative word order"
- Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Nonverbal encoding"
- Simple Clauses:Predicative Possession = "'Have'"
- Simple Clauses:Productivity of the Antipassive Construction = "no antipassive"
- Simple Clauses:Reciprocal Constructions = "Distinct from reflexive"
- Simple Clauses:Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation = "A/Cat"
- Simple Clauses:Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Both"
- Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "No zero realization" (réf. Quirk et al. 1972 )
- Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "Only the A argument" (réf. Quirk et al. 1972 )
- Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Impossible"
- Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials"
- Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Leech and Svartvik 1994 )
- Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Neither type of system"
- Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "Overlap for both possibility and necessity" (réf. Leech and Svartvik 1994 )
- Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "No grammatical marking" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Tense-aspect suffixes"
- Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials"
- Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Leech and Svartvik 1994 )
- Verbal Categories:Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect = "Tense"
- Verbal Categories:Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives = "None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)"
- Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "No inflectional future" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "No second-person imperatives"
- Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent"
- Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "Present, no remoteness distinctions" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "From possessive" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + normal negative"
- Verbal Categories:Verbal Number and Suppletion = "None"
- Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None"
- Word Order:NegSVO Order = "No NegSVO"
- Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Adjective-Noun"
- Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Prepositions"
- Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Initial subordinator word"
- Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Degree word-Adjective"
- Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Demonstrative-Noun"
- Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "No dominant order"
- Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV"
- Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun"
- Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "VO"
- Word Order:Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb = "VOX"
- Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Noun-Relative clause"
- Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV"
- Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SVO"
- Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Initial interrogative phrase"
- Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "SNegVO"
- Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "No question particle"
- Word Order:Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb = "Immed preverbal"
- Word Order:Postnominal relative clauses = "Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant"
- Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None"
- Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV"
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "VO and AdjN"
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "VO and Prepositions"
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "VO and NRel"
- Word Order:SNegVO Order = "Word&NoDoubleNeg"
- Word Order:SVNegO Order = "No SVNegO"
- Word Order:SVONeg Order = "No SVONeg"
- Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages = "SNegVO"
Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_eng
Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE
-
American English (uz 2176) (39 segments) aɪ , aʊ , b , d , d̠ʒ , ei , f , h , i , j , kʰ , l , m , n , oʊ , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃ , u , v , w , z , æ , ð , ŋ , ɑ , ɔ , ɔɪ , ɚ , ɛ , ɡ , ɪ , ɹ , ʃ , ʊ , ʌ , ʒ , θ
-
English (American) (uz 2175) (39 segments) aɪ , aʊ , b , d , d̠ʒ , eɪ̯ , f , h , iɪ , j , kʰ , l , m , n , oʊ , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃ , uː , v , w , z , æ , ð , ŋ , ɑ , ɔɪ , ə , ɚː , ɛ , ɡ , ɪ , ɹ , ʃ , ʊ , ʌ , ʒ , θ
-
English (Australian) (uz 2177) (44 segments) b , d , d̠ʒ , e , eː , f , h , iː , j , k , kʰ , l , m , n , oɪ , oː , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃ , v , w , z , æ , æɔ , æɪ , ð , ŋ , ɐ , ɐː , ɑe , ɔ , əʉ , ɜː , ɡ , ɪ , ɪə , ɹ , ʃ , ʉː , ʊ , ʊə , ʒ , θ
-
English (British) (uz 2178) (41 segments) a , aɪ , aʊ , b , d , d̠ʒ , eɪ , eː , f , h , iː , j , kʰ , l , m , n , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃ , v , w , z , ð , ŋ , ɑː , ɒ , ɔɪ , ɔː , ə , ɛ , ɛʉ , ɡ , ɪ , ɹ , ʃ , ʉː , ʊ , ʒ , ˦ , θ
-
English (British) (uz 2180) (39 segments) a , aː , b , d , d̠ʒ , eː , f , h , iː , j , k , l , m , n , oː , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃ , uː , v , w , z , ð , øː , ŋ , ɒ , ɒː , ɔː , ə , ɛ , ɛː , ɡ , ɪ , ɹ , ʃ , ʊ , ʒ , θ
-
English (New Zealand) (uz 2179) (45 segments) b , d , d̠ʒ , e , eə , f , h , i , iə , iː , j , kx , l , m , n , oe , oː , pʰ , s , ts , t̠ʃ , v , w , z , æe , æo , ð , ŋ , ɐ , ɐʉ , ɐː , ɑe , ɒ , ɒɯ , ɘ , ɛ , ɡ , ɵː , ɹ , ʃ , ʉə , ʉː , ʊ , ʒ , θ
-
English (ea 2252) (44 segments) aɪ , aʊ , b , d , d̠ʒ , e , eə , eɪ , f , h , iː , j , kʰ , l , m , n , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃ , uː , v , w , z , æ , ð , ŋ , ɑː , ɒ , ɔɪ , ɔː , ə , əʊ , ɜː , ɡ , ɪ , ɪə , ɹ , ʃ , ʊ , ʊə , ʌ , ʒ , θ
-
English (ea 2515) (40 segments) a , aɪ , aʊ , b , d , d̠ʒ , eɪ , eː , f , h , iɛ , iː , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , t̠ʃ , v , w , z , ð , ŋ , ɑː , ɒ , ɔɪ , ə , ɛ , ɛʉ , ɡ , ɪ , ʃ , ʉː , ʊ , ʒ , θ
-
English (spa 160) (40 segments) aː , b , d , d̠ʒ , e̞ , f , h , iː , j , kʰ , l , m , n , o̞ː , pʰ , s , tʰ , t̠ʃ , uː , v , w , x , z , æ , ð , ŋ , ɐ , ɒ , ɔ , ə , əː , ɡ , ɪ , ɻ , ʃ , ʊ , ʍ , ʒ , ʔ , θ
Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog
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- 1990. Let's read and write English. 76pp. (cf. référence complète)
- 1990. Multilingual Cameroon: Reader in Cameroonian languages / Cameroun multilingue: Lectures en langues camerounaises. (cf. référence complète)
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- Alexander, Diane H. 1968. Woorabinda Aboriginal English: a study of the salient linguistic differences between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal speech of informants on Woorabinda Aboriginal settlement in central Queensland. (MA thesis, University of Queensland; xiiv+188pp.) (cf. référence complète)
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- Anne-Marie Smith. 1988. English in Papua New Guinea. World Englishes 7. (cf. référence complète)
- Armour, Malcolm S. 1983. The social stratification of (e) in Midlothian, Texas. In Jerold A. Edmondson (ed.), Pilot studies in sociolinguistics, 2-21. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. (cf. référence complète)
- Arne Zettersten. 1969. The English of Tristan da Cunha. (Lund studies in English, 37.) Lund: Gleerup. 194pp. (cf. référence complète)
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- Author Unknown and Neville Vitahi (eds.) 1997. Viles tok ples skul religious instruction year 2 [teacher training book, diglot English/Tok Pisin], ed. by David M. (cf. référence complète)
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Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog
Autres liens sur cette langue
- Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:eng
- OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/eng
- Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=eng
- iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=eng
- Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/eng
Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog