Hmong Njua

Code ISO 639-3: hnj

Classification: Hmong-Mien > Hmongic > Nuclear Hmongic-Ho Ne > Nuclear Hmongic > West Hmongic > Greater Chuanqiandian > Chuanqiandian > First Vernacular Hmong > Hua Miao > Hmong Njua

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Bettina Harriehausen 1990)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

• Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Complex Sentences:Purpose Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Complex Sentences:Reason Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Complex Sentences:Relativization on Subjects = "Gap" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Complex Sentences:Utterance Complement Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Lexicon:M in First Person Singular = "No m in first person singular" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Lexicon:M in Second Person Singular = "No m in second person singular" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Lexicon:M-T Pronouns = "No M-T pronouns" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Lexicon:N-M Pronouns = "No N-M pronouns" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Lexicon:Numeral Bases = "Decimal" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Morphology:Case Syncretism = "No case marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Morphology:Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "No case" (réf. Bisang 1992, Harriehausen 1990, Bisang 1991, Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection = "monoexponential TAM" (réf. Bisang 1991, Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990, Bisang 1992 )
• Morphology:Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Exclusively isolating" (réf. Bisang 1992, Harriehausen 1990, Bisang 1991, Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb = "2-3 categories per word" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases = "Dependent marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking in the Clause = "No marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology = "Inconsistent or other" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Little affixation" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Reduplication = "Productive full and partial reduplication" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Morphology:Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking = "No subject person/number marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Morphology:Zero Marking of A and P Arguments = "Zero-marking" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "No case-marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = "Three-way contrast" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "No gender distinctions" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection = "No person marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "Indefinite word same as 'one'" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Interrogative-based" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Identical" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "No morphological case-marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "None" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Occurrence of Nominal Plurality = "No nominal plural" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "No person marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person-number stem" (réf. Harriehausen 1988 )
• Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "No politeness distinction" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "No case affixes or adpositional clitics" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Nominal Categories:Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = "Identical" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "No gender" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "No gender" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "No action nominals" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Syntax:Nominal and Verbal Conjunction = "Identity" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Syntax:Number of Possessive Nouns = "None reported" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Syntax:Obligatory Possessive Inflection = "Absent" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Nominal Syntax:Possessive Classification = "No possessive classification" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Other:Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks = "Affective meanings"
• Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Purnell 1972, Smalley 1976, Wang 1985, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1983 )
• Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Large" (réf. Purnell 1972, Smalley 1976, Wang 1985, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1983 )
• Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "High" (réf. Smalley 1976, Purnell 1972, Wang 1983, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1985 )
• Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "None" (réf. Wang 1985, Purnell 1972, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1983, Smalley 1976 )
• Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "No glottalized consonants" (réf. Wang 1983, Purnell 1972, Wang 1985, Harriehausen 1990, Smalley 1976, Lyman 1974 )
• Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Wang 1983, Purnell 1972, Wang 1985, Smalley 1976, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974 )
• Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None" (réf. Purnell 1972, Smalley 1976, Wang 1985, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1983 )
• Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Moderately complex" (réf. Smalley 1976, Wang 1985, Lyman 1974, Harriehausen 1990, Wang 1983, Purnell 1972 )
• Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "No initial velar nasal" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Phonology:Tone = "Complex tone system" (réf. Smalley 1976, Wang 1985, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1983, Purnell 1972 )
• Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "Uvular stops only" (réf. Purnell 1972, Smalley 1976, Wang 1983, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1985 )
• Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "Other" (réf. Wang 1985, Purnell 1972, Smalley 1976, Wang 1983, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974 )
• Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "No voicing constrast" (réf. Wang 1985, Purnell 1972, Smalley 1976, Wang 1983, Lyman 1974, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Average (5-6)" (réf. Smalley 1976, Purnell 1972, Wang 1983, Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1974, Wang 1985 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases = "Neutral" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns = "Neutral" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Neutral" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Antipassive Constructions = "No antipassive" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Applicative Constructions = "No applicative construction" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Indirect-object construction" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Obligatory pronouns in subject position" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative word, unclear if verb or particle" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Neither" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Other Roles of Applied Objects = "No applicative construction"
• Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Periphrastic Causative Constructions = "Sequential but no purposive" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Question particle" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Productivity of the Antipassive Construction = "no antipassive" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Reciprocal Constructions = "Distinct from reflexive" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Non-assignable" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Symmetric" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "No person marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "No person marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Neither type of system" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "No grammatical marking" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "No tense-aspect inflection" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "No inflectional future" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "No second-person imperatives" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "No past tense" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "No perfect" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + special negative" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Word Order:NegSVO Order = "No NegSVO" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Noun-Adjective" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Prepositions" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Initial subordinator word" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Adjective-Degree word" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Noun-Demonstrative" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Genitive-Noun" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "VO" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Noun-Relative clause" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SVO" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Not initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Harriehausen 1990, Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "SNegVO" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "Other position" (réf. Harriehausen 1990 )
• Word Order:Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb = "Immed preverbal" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:Postnominal relative clauses = "Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV" (réf. Lyman 1979, Harriehausen 1990 )
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "VO and NAdj"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "VO and Prepositions"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "VO and NRel"
• Word Order:SNegVO Order = "Word&NoDoubleNeg" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:SVNegO Order = "No SVNegO" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:SVONeg Order = "No SVONeg" (réf. Lyman 1979 )
• Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages = "SNegVO" (réf. Lyman 1979 )

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_hmo

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

• Hmong Njua (ea 2239) (61 segments)
  a , ai̯ , au̯ , aɯ , ã , c , cʰ , e , f , h , i , ĩ , j , k , kʰ , l , m , mp , mpʰ , n , nt , nts , ntsʰ , ntʰ , n̠t̠ʃ , n̠t̠ʃʰ , p , pʰ , q , qʰ , s , sʰ , t , ts , tsʰ , tʰ , t̠ʃ , t̠ʃʰ , u , ua , ũ , v , ç , ŋ , ŋk , ŋkʰ , ɔ , ɨ , ɬ , ɲ , ɲc , ɲcʰ , ɳʈʂ , ɳʈʂʰ , ɴq , ɴqʰ , ʃ , ʈʂ , ʈʂʰ , ʒ , ʔ

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

• Bettina Harriehausen. 1990. Hmong Njua: Syntaktische Analyse einer gesprochenen Sprache mithilfe Datenverarbeitungstechnischer Mittel und sprachvergleichende Beschreibung des Südostasiatischen Sprachraumes. ([deu] <Linguistische Arbeiten> (ISSN: 0344-6727), 245.) Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. xxvi+281pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Bisang, W. 1991. Verb serialisation, grammaticalisation, and attractor positions in Chinese, Hmong, Vietnamese, Thai and Khmer. In Seiler, Hansjakob and Premper, Waldfried (eds.), Partizipation: das sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten, 509-562. Tübingen: Narr. (cf. référence complète)
• Clark, Marybeth. 1985. Asking questions in Hmong and other Southeast Asian languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 8. 60–67. (cf. référence complète)
• David Mortensen. 2004. Preliminaries to Mong Leng (Hmong Njua) Phonology. Ms. 5pp. (cf. référence complète)
• David Mortensen. 2019. Hmong (Mong Leng). In Alice Vittrant and Justin Watkins (eds.), The Mainland Southeast Asia Linguistic Area, 609-652. Berlin: Mouton. (cf. référence complète)
• Elizabeth Meister. 2010. An Investigation of Multi-verb Constructions in Hmong Ntsuab. (MA thesis, Chiang Mai: Payap University; 127pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Fushi Wang. 1985. Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì [Sketch of the Miao Language]. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House. 2+203pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Harriehausen, Bettina. 1988. Hmong Njua. Syntaktische Analyse einer gesprochenen Sprache mit Hilfe datenverarbeitungstechnischer Mittel und sprachvergleichende Beschreibung des suedostasiatischen Sprachraumes. Universität Göttingen Dissertation. (cf. référence complète)
• Harriehausen, Bettina. 1990. Hmong Njua. (LA, 245.) Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. (cf. référence complète)
• Harriehausen, Bettina. 1990. Hmong Njua: syntaktische Analyse einer gesprochenen Sprache mithilfe datenverarbeitungstechnischer Mittel und sprachvergleichender Beschreibung des südostasiatischen Sprachraumes. (Linguistische Arbeiten, 245.) Tübingen: Niemeyer. xxv+307pp. (cf. référence complète)
• ISO 639-3 Registration Authority. 2007. Change Request Number 2007-188: adopted split [blu], adopted update [hmn], adopted create [cqd], adopted create [hnj], adopted create [hrm], adopted create [sfm] (2008-01-14). Dallas: SIL International. (cf. référence complète)
• ISO 639-3 Registration Authority. 2009. Change Request Number 2009-090: rejected merge [hmz], rejected merge [hnj], adopted update [hmn], rejected update [hmn], adopted update [hmn], adopted update [hnj], rejected create [mjb] (2010-03-31). Dallas: SIL International. (cf. référence complète)
• ISO 639-3 Registration Authority. 2011. Change Request Number 2011-160: rejected split [hnj], rejected create [hng] (2012-02-03). Dallas: SIL International. (cf. référence complète)
• Kunyot, Taweesak. 1984. General characterístics of Hmong Njua grammar. Salaya: Mahidol Univ. (MA thesis, Mahidol University; v+137pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Lyman, Thomas Amis. 1974. Dictionary of Mong Njua: a Miao (Meo) language of Southeast Asia. (Janua Linguarum : Series Practica, 123.) Berlin, Boston: The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. 404pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Lyman, Thomas Amis. 1979. Grammar of Mong Njua (Green Miao): a descriptive linguistic study. [St. Helena, Calif.]: Blue Oak Press. ix+100pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Lyman, Thomas Amis. 1987. The word nzi& in Green Hmong. LTBA 10. 142-143. (cf. référence complète)
• Purnell, H.C. (ed.) 1972. Miao and Yao Linguistic Studies. Selected articles in Chinese, translated by Chang Yu-hung and Chu Kwo-ray. Linguistics Series VII. Ithaca: Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University. (cf. référence complète)
• Ratliff, Martha. 1997. Hmong-Mien demonstratives and pattern persistence. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 27. 317-328. (cf. référence complète)
• Royce Flaming and Andy Castro. 2021. Hmong Dialect Intelligibility in Southeastern Yunnan: An Analysis of Which Hmong Lects Are Most Understood and Accepted. Journal of Language Survey Reports 2021. 1-80. (cf. référence complète)
• Smalley, William A. 1976. The problems of consonants and tone: Hmong (Meo, Miao). In W. A. Smalley (ed.), Phonemes and Orthography: Language Planning in Ten Minority Languages of Thailand, Pacific Linguistics, Series C-43, 85-123. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. (Smalley (ed.): Phonemes and Orthography: Language Planning in Ten Minority Languages of Thailand). (cf. référence complète)
• Somruedee Dej-Amorn. 2006. The grammar of Green Hmong particles. (Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University; 213pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Wang, Fushi. 1983. Miaoyu Fangyan Huafen Wenti (On the Division of Miao Dialects). Minzu Yuwen 5. 1–22. (cf. référence complète)
• Xiong, Lang and Joua Xiong and Nao Leng Xiong. 1983. English-Mong-English dictionary = Phoo txhais lug Aakiv-Moob-Aakiv. Milwaukee, WI: Xiong Partnership. vii+570pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Xiong, Yuyou and Cohen, Diana. 2005. Student's Practical Miao-Chinese-English Handbook. Kunming: Yunnan Minority Languages Commission and SIL International. 539pp. (cf. référence complète)

Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog

Autres liens sur cette langue

• Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:hnj
• OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/hnj
• Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=hnj
• iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=hnj
• Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/hnj

Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog