Iraqw

Code ISO 639-3: irk

Classification: Afro-Asiatic > Cushitic > South Cushitic > West Rift South Cushitic > Northern West Rift South Cushitic > Iraqwoid > Iraqw

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Mous, Maarten 1992)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

• Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Complex Sentences:'When' Clauses = "Deranked" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Complex Sentences:Purpose Clauses = "Deranked" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Complex Sentences:Reason Clauses = "Deranked" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Lexicon:Numeral Bases = "Decimal" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Morphology:Case Syncretism = "No case marking" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958, Mous 1993 )
• Morphology:Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking = "Syncretic" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Symmetrical" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Whiteley 1958 )
• Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Mixed" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers = "Formally similar, without interrogative"
• Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Nominal Categories:Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = "Four-way contrast" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "Marked by reduplication"
• Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "1st or 2nd person but not 3rd" (réf. Nordbustad 1988 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Generic-noun-based" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "Exclusively borderline case-marking" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "Two" (réf. Banti 1997, Tucker and Bryan 1966, Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Numeral Classifiers = "Absent"
• Nominal Categories:Occurrence of Nominal Plurality = "All nouns, always obligatory" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "First, two, three" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "No person marking" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person-number stem" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "No politeness distinction" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "No case affixes or adpositional clitics" (réf. Whiteley 1958 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "Possessive suffixes" (réf. Whiteley 1958 )
• Nominal Categories:Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = "Different stem" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "Sex-based" (réf. Banti 1997, Tucker and Bryan 1966, Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "Semantic and formal" (réf. Banti 1997, Tucker and Bryan 1966, Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives = "Unrelated" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "Restricted" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Nominal Syntax:Adjectives without Nouns = "Marked by preceding word"
• Nominal Syntax:Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses = "Highly differentiated"
• Nominal Syntax:Nominal and Verbal Conjunction = "Identity" (réf. Mous 1993, Mous 2004 )
• Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Whiteley 1958, Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988, Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Moderately large" (réf. Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958, Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "High" (réf. Nordbustad 1988, Maghway 1995, Whiteley 1958, Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "No fixed stress" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "None" (réf. Whiteley 1958, Maghway 1995, Mous 1993, Nordbustad 1988 )
• Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "Ejectives and implosives" (réf. Mous 1993, Whiteley 1958, Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988 )
• Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/ and lateral obstruent" (réf. Mous 1993, Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "Pharyngeals" (réf. Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988, Mous 1993, Whiteley 1958 )
• Phonology:Rhythm Types = "No rhythmic stress" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Moderately complex" (réf. Maghway 1995, Mous 1993, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "Initial velar nasal" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Tone = "Simple tone system" (réf. Maghway 1995, Mous 1993, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "Uvular stops only" (réf. Whiteley 1958, Mous 1993, Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988 )
• Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "None missing in /p t k b d g/" (réf. Whiteley 1958, Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988, Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In plosives alone" (réf. Nordbustad 1988, Mous 1993, Whiteley 1958, Maghway 1995 )
• Phonology:Vowel Nasalization = "Contrast absent" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Average (5-6)" (réf. Maghway 1995, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958, Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "Combined" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Combined: Right-edge and unbounded" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases = "Nominative - accusative (standard)" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns = "Neutral" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Accusative" (réf. Nordbustad 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Antipassive Constructions = "No antipassive" (réf. Mous 1993, Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Simple Clauses:Applicative Constructions = "No applicative construction" (réf. Mous 1993, Banti 1997, Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Indirect-object construction" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Subject affixes on verb" (réf. Nordbustad 1988, Tucker and Bryan 1966, Whiteley 1958 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Negative existential construction" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative affix" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Different" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Morphological but no compound" (réf. Nordbustad 1988, Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Nordbustad 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Other Roles of Applied Objects = "No applicative construction"
• Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Nordbustad 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Interrogative verb morphology" (réf. Whiteley 1958, Nordbustad 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Mixed" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Productivity of the Antipassive Construction = "no antipassive" (réf. Mous 1993, Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Simple Clauses:Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation = "A/Fin" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Asymmetric" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "No zero realization" (réf. Nordbustad 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "Only the A argument" (réf. Nordbustad 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Possible" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Other" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Maximal system" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "Overlap for either possibility or necessity" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "No tense-aspect inflection" (réf. Whiteley 1958 )
• Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect = "None" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives = "A regular and a suppletive form alternate"
• Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "Second singular and second plural" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent" (réf. Mous 1993 )
• Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + special negative" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Verbal Number and Suppletion = "None" (réf. Mous 1992 )
• Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:NegSOV Order = "No NegSOV" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Noun-Adjective" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Prepositions" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Noun-Demonstrative" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Noun-Genitive" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "[V-Neg]" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Noun-Numeral" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "OV" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb = "No dominant order" (réf. Mous 1993, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Noun-Relative clause" (réf. Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SOV" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966, Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Not initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "MorphNeg" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "No question particle" (réf. Nordbustad 1988, Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Postnominal relative clauses = "Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant" (réf. Whiteley 1958 )
• Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "[V-Neg]" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "OV and NAdj"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "OV and Prepositions"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "OV and NRel"
• Word Order:SNegOV Order = "No SNegOV" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:SONegV Order = "No SONegV" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:SOVNeg Order = "Suffix&NoDoubleNeg" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )
• Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages = "SO[V-Neg]" (réf. Tucker and Bryan 1966 )

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_irq

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

• IRAQW (upsid 370) (45 segments)
  R , a , b , d , eː , f , h , iː , j , k , kʷ , l , m , n , oː , p , q , qʷ , s , sː , t , tsʼ , tɬʼ , uː , w , x , xʷ , ħ , ŋ , ŋʷ , ɑː , ɓ , ɔ , ɗ , ɛ , ɜ , ɡ , ɡʷ , ɪ , ɬ , ɵ , ʃ , ʊ , ʔ , ʕ̝
• Iraqw (spa 129) (48 segments)
  a , b , d , eː , f , h , iː , j , k , kʷ , l , m , n , oː , p , q , qʷ , r , s , sː , t , tsʼ , tɬʼ , uː , w , x , xʷ , ħ , ŋ , ŋʷ , ɑː , ɓ , ɔ , ɗ , ə , ɛ , ɡ , ɡʷ , ɪ , ɬ , ɵ , ʃ , ʊ , ʔ , ʕ , ˥ , ˥˩ , ˩

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

• Bagshawe, F.J. 1925. The peoples of the Happy Valley, East Africa [with an introduction by Sir Harry H. Johnston]. Journal of the African Soc. 24. 25-33. (cf. référence complète)
• Bagshawe, F.J. 1925. The peoples of the Happy Valley, East Africa, 4: the Goroa and their kindred Hamitic tribes, the Wambulu or Erokh, the Wasi or Alawa, and the Burungi. Journal of the African Soc. 25. 59-74. (cf. référence complète)
• Banti, Giorgio. 1997. Review of Martin Mous 'A Grammar of Iraqw'. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 18. 95-106. (cf. référence complète)
• Batibo, Herman M. 2000. The Linguistic Situation of Tanzania. In Kahigi, K. K. and Kihore, Yared Magori and Mous, Maarten (eds.), Lugha za Tanzania/Languages of Tanzania: a study dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. C. Maganga, 5-18. Leiden: CNWS. (cf. référence complète)
• Baumann, Oskar. 1894. Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle: Reisen und Forschungen der Massaiexpedition. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer. (cf. référence complète)
• Bayo, Phaustini Banga. 2018. Factors influencing language shift: A case of Iraqw. (MA thesis, University of Dodoma; 141pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne and Serzisko, Fritz (eds.) 1988. A Note on ? as a Plural Marker in Iraqw Nouns. In Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne and Serzisko, Fritz (eds.), Cushitic - Omotic. Papers from the International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic Languages, Cologne, January 6 - 9, 1986. (cf. référence complète)
• Berger, Paul. 1938. Die südlichsten Hamitensprachen Ostafrikas. Forschungen und Fortschritte 14. 392-393. (cf. référence complète)
• Berger, Paul. 1938. Die südlichsten Hamitensprachen Ostafrikas: Überblick über die vorläufigen Ergebnisse meiner linguistischen Forschungsreise 1934-36 in das abflusslose Gebiet Ostafrikas, II: die Iraku-Gruppe. Forschungen und Fortschritte 14. 392-393. (cf. référence complète)
• Berger, Paul. 1998. Iraqw texts. (Archiv afrikanistischer Manuskripte, 4.) Translated, revised and edited by Roland Kiessling edn. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. x+337pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Bradfield, M. 1977. It in Iraqw: an analysis of the object selector series of the Iraqw verb. African languages/Langues africaines 3. 1-46. (cf. référence complète)
• Carlin, Eithne B. and Maarten Mous. 1995. The "back" in Iraqw: extensions of meaning in space. Dutch studies 1. 121-133. (cf. référence complète)
• Dalgish, Gerard M. 1978. Inacessibility and demotional nominal marking in Iraqw. Studies in African Linguistics 9. 285-302. (cf. référence complète)
• Dalgish, Gerard Matthew. 1978. Inaccessibility and denotional nominal marking in Iraqw. Studies in African linguistics 9. 285-299. (cf. référence complète)
• Daudey, Henriette and Hellenthal, Anne-Christine and Mous, Maarten and Smits, Heleen. 2001. Geesó Duqa, approaches to an Iraqw tale. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 65. 5-40. (cf. référence complète)
• Dempwolff, Otto. 1916-1917. 10.~Wörter der Sprache von Iraku. Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen VII. 309-314. (cf. référence complète)
• Dolgopol'skij, Aron B. 1972. Glagolnye okonchaniia v vostochno-sidamskikh i irakvskikh iazykakh = Verb endings in the East Sidamo and Iraqw languages. Africana: afrikanskii etnograficheskii sbornik 9. 3-112. (cf. référence complète)
• Dolgopol'skij, Aron B. 1972. O proisxozdenii licnyx okoncanij glagolov v vostocnosidamskix i irakvskix jazykax. Afrikanskii etnograficheskii sbornik]: Trudy Instituta Etnografii imeni N.N. Miklucho Maklaja, novaja serija 9. 103-112. (cf. référence complète)
• Downing, Laura J. 2004. What African languages tell us about accent typology. ZAS (Zentrum für allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft) papers in linguistics 37. 101-136. (cf. référence complète)
• Edwards, Robert F. 1978. The Iraqw Socialist Church: an annotated bibliography. (cf. référence complète)
• Ehret, Christopher. 1976. Cushitic Prehistory. In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, 85-96. East Lansing, Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. (cf. référence complète)
• Ehret, Christopher. 1980. The Historical Reconstruction of Southern Cushitic Phonology and Vocabulary. (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik, 5.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. 407pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Elderkin, Derek E. 1976. Southern Cushitic. In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.), The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia, 278-297. East Lansing, Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. (cf. référence complète)
• Elderkin, Edward Derek and Maghway, Josephat B. 1992. Some West Rift Roots. African Languages and Cultures 5. 43-64. (cf. référence complète)
• Elderkin, Edward Derek. 1988. A note on ? as a plural marker in Iraqw nouns. In Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne and Serzisko, Fritz (eds.), Cushitic Omotic: papers from the international symposium on Cushitic and Omotic languages, Cologne, January 6-9, 1986, 491-500. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
• Elderkin, Edward Derek. 1988. Person and number markers in Iraqw verbs. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 14. 79-96. (cf. référence complète)
• Elders, Stefan and Maarten Mous. 1991. The adverbial qo in Iraqw. In Mendel, D. and U. Claudi (eds.), Ägypten im afro-orientalischen Kontext, 125-138. Bayreuth: Institut für Afrikanistik, Universität zu Köln. (Sondernummer). (cf. référence complète)
• Fosbrooke, Henry Albert. 1954. The defensive measures of certain tribes in north-eastern Tanzania, 2: Iraqw housing as affected by inter-tribal raiding. Tanganyika notes and records 36. 50-57. (cf. référence complète)
• Fukui, Katsuyoshi. 1969. The subsistence economy of the agrico-pastoral Iraqw. Kyoto University African studies 4. 41-76. (cf. référence complète)
• Fukui, Katsuyoshi. 1970. Migration and settlement of the Iraqw in Hanang area: ecological observations of an agrico-pastoral tribe. Kyoto Univ. African studies 5. 101-124. (cf. référence complète)
• Greenway, P.J. 1947. A veterinary glossary of some tribal languages of Tanganyika territory. East African agricultural journal of Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda and Zanzibar 13. 237–244. (cf. référence complète)
• Hauge, Hans-Egil. 1981. Iraqw religion and folklore. Fjellhammar (Norway): World Folklore Soc. (cf. référence complète)
• Heine, Bernd and Rainer Vossen. 1980. Language structures in Kenya. In Heine, Bernd (ed.), The non-Bantu languages of Kenya, 13-27. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
• Heine, Bernd. 1980. The non-Bantu languages of Kenya. (Language and dialect atlas of Kenya, 2.) In Heine, Bernd (ed.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. 243pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Heine, Bernd. 1982. African noun class systems. In Hansjakob Seiler and Christian Lehmann (eds.), Apprehension: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Gegenständen Teil I: Bereich und Ordnung der Phänomene, 189-216. Tübingen: Gunter Narr. (cf. référence complète)
• Ikeda, Jiro and Sugio, Hayama. 1982. The Hadza and the Iraqw in northern Tanzania: dermatographical, anthropometrical, odontometrical and osteological approaches. African study monographs 2. 1-26. (cf. référence complète)
• Ikeda, Jiro. 1977. Racial affinities of the Hadza and Iraqw: a multivariate analysis of physical measurement. In Kato, T. and Nakao, S. and Umesao, Tadao (eds.), Physical anthropology, 57-76. Tokyo: Chuokoronsha. (cf. référence complète)
• Jaeger, Fritz [Friedrich] Robert. 1911. Das Hochland der Riesenkrater und die umliegenden Hochländer Deutsch-Ostafrikas: Ergebnisse einer amtlichen Forschungsreise ins abflusslose Gebiet des nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika 1906/7. (Suppl. 4 to Mitt. aus den deutschen Schutzgebiete, ppl. 4 to Mitt. aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten.) Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. (cf. référence complète)
• Johnson, C.B. 1966. Some aspects of Iraqw religion. Tanzania notes and records 65. 53-56. (cf. référence complète)
• Kahigi, K. and Kihore, Y. and Mous, M. (eds.) 2000. The Middle Voice in Iraqw. In Kahigi, K. and Kihore, Y. and Mous, M. (eds.), Lugha za Tanzania. Languages of Tanzania. (cf. référence complète)
• Kamera, W.D. 1976. Tales of Wairaqw of Tanzania. Nairobi & Kampala: East African Literature Bureau. (cf. référence complète)
• Kamera, W.D. 1978. Hadithi za Wairaqw wa Tanzania = Stories of the Iraqw in Tanzania. Arusha: East African Literature Bureau. (cf. référence complète)
• Kamera, W.D. 1983. Marmo and Haragasi: Iraqw folk theatricals. African study monographs 4. 107-118. (cf. référence complète)
• Kamera, W.D. 1987/88. Firro and Slufay: the traditional litanies of the Iraqw. African study monographs 8. 13-326. (cf. référence complète)
• Kiessling, Roland. 1988. Die Selektor-Kategorie im Iraqw. ihre Funktion bei der PErsonalmarkierung im Satz. 47pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Kiessling, Roland. 1989. Die Rolle der Selektoren im Iraqw. Afrika und Übersee 72. 273-298. (cf. référence complète)
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• Kiessling, Roland. 1995. Bemerkungen zu Ogergeschichten der Iraqw (Nord-Tanzania). In Fleisch, Axel and Otten, Dirk (eds.), Sprachkulturelle und historische Forschungen in Afrika: 11. Afrikanistentage, Köln, 19.-21. Sept. 1994, 207-223. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
• Kiessling, Roland. 1995. Mainland Kiswahili used as a lingua franca in the Rift Valley area of Tanzania in 1935. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 43. 119-135. (cf. référence complète)
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• Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. 1964. Schwarzer Eulenspiegel: ostafrikaische Schwänke. Kassel: Erich Röth Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
• Kooij, Jan and Maarten Mous. 2002. Incorporation: a comparison between Iraqw and Dutch. Linguistics 40. 629-645. (cf. référence complète)
• Lawi, Yusufu Qwaray. 2000. May the spider blind witches and wild animals: local knowledge and the political ecology of natural resource use in the Iraqwland, Tanzania, 1900-1985. (cf. référence complète)
• Leatherman, K. 1950. Unpublished notes on the structure of the Mbulu /Iraqw/ language. (cf. référence complète)
• Legère, Karsten. 1988. Bantu and Southern Cushitic. The Impact of Kiswahili on Iraqw. STUF - Language Typology and Universals 41. 640-647. Akademie Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
• Legère, Karsten. 2000. "... are not fully involved...": language knowledge and language use among the Barabaig and Iraqw. In Vossen, R. and A. Mietzner and A. Meissner (eds.), "Mehr als nur Worte...": afrikanistische Beiträge zum 65. Geburtstag von Franz Rottland, 367-385. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
• Maghway, J. B. 1995. Annotated Iraqw Lexicon. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Mous, Maarten, Martha A. S. Qorro, and Roland Kiessling. 2002. Iraqw-English dictionary: with an English and a thesaurus index. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. (cf. référence complète)
• Maghway, J. B. 1995. Some salient linguistic features of and Iraqw narrative text. (African Language Study, 3.) Tokyo: Inst. for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 200pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Maghway, Josephat B. 1983. Iraqw vocabulary. Works in progress from the Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Edinburgh 16. 69-79. (cf. référence complète)
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• Maghway, Josephat B. 1989. Iraqw vocabulary. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 18. 91-118. Dar es Salaam: University of Dar es Salaam. (cf. référence complète)
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• Mous, Maarten and Martha P. Qorro. 2000. The middle voice in Iraqw. In Kahigi, Kulikoyela Kanalwanda and Kihore, Yared Magori and Mous, Maarten (eds.), Lugha za Tanzania/Languages of Tanzania: studies dedicated to the memory of Prof. Clement Maganga, 157-176. Leiden: Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), State University of Leiden. (cf. référence complète)
• Mous, Maarten and Qorro, Martha P. 2008. The evidential adverb hhóo in iraqw. In Takács, Gábor (ed.), Semito-Hamitic festschrift for A.B. Dolgopolsky and H. Jungraithmayr. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
• Mous, Maarten and Qorro, Martha P. and Kiessling, Roland. 2002. Iraqw-English dictionary, with an English and a thesaurus index. (Cushitic language studies (Kuschitische Sprachstudien), 18.) Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. 216pp. (cf. référence complète)
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• Mous, Maarten. 1993. A grammar of Iraqw. (Cushitic language studies (Kuschitische Sprachstudien), 9.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. xvi+363pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Mous, Maarten. 1996. Broken plurals and syllable sequence restrictions in Iraqw. In Lecarme, Jacqueline and Lowenstamm, Jean and Shlonsky, Ur (eds.), Studies in Afro-Asiatic grammar: papers from the second conference on Afroasiatic languages Sophia Antipolis 1994, 268-277. The Hague: Holland Academic Graphics. (cf. référence complète)
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• Mous, Maarten. 2000. Ka baby kabbiyo: riddling in Iraqw. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere (AAP) 62. 39-69. (cf. référence complète)
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• Nordbustad, Fröydis and Naman, Ezra B. 1978. Iimu/úngw yaamaá Iraqw / Mwanzo wa nchi ya Wairaqw = The beginning of the Iraqw land. (Iraqw folklore series, 1.) Mbulu (Tanzania): Christian Literature Centre. (cf. référence complète)
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• Reh, Mechthild. 1999. 'Body', 'back' and 'belly': on the antonyms of 'inside' and their conceptual sources. Frankfurter afrikanistische Blätter 11. 101-123. (cf. référence complète)
• Rottland, Franz and Mous, Maarten. 2001. Datooga and Iraqw: A comparison of subsistence vocabulary. In Ibriszimow, Dymitr and Leger, Rudolf and Seibert, Uwe (eds.), Von ägypten zum Tschadsee: Eine Linguistische Reise durch Afrika: Festschrift für Herrmann Junraithmayr zum 65.~Geburtstag, 377-400. Heidelberg & Würzburg: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft. (cf. référence complète)
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• Sands, Bonny. 1998. Comparison and Classification of Khoisan Languages. In Maddieson, Ian and Hinnebusch, Thomas J. (eds.), Language History and Linguistic Description in Africa, 75-85. Trenton: Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. (cf. référence complète)

Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog

Autres liens sur cette langue

• Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:irk
• OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/irk
• Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=irk
• iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=irk
• Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/irk

Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog