Romanian
Code ISO 639-3: ron
Classification: Indo-European > Classical Indo-European > Italic > Latino-Faliscan > Latinic > Imperial Latin > Romance > Eastern Romance > Northern Romanian > Eastern Romanian > Romanian
Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)
Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Ilutiu, Vincent 1989)
Ressources dans l'entrepôt
Région | Code | Nombre | |
---|---|---|---|
France | FR | 6 | |
Romania | RO | 97 |
Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS
- Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is expressed overtly"
- Lexicon:Finger and Hand = "Different" (réf. Bergman 1968 )
- Lexicon:Hand and Arm = "Different" (réf. Bergman 1968 )
- Lexicon:Tea = "Words derived from Sinitic cha" (réf. Gajdarzi and Baskakov 1973 )
- Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical" (réf. Beyrer et al. 1987 )
- Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Identity" (réf. Lausberg 1972 )
- Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "Definite affix" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "Marked by preceding word"
- Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "Indefinite word same as 'one'" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Interrogative-based" (réf. Haspelmath 1997 )
- Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Differentiated" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "2 cases" (réf. Beyrer et al. 1987 )
- Nominal Categories:Occurrence of Nominal Plurality = "All nouns, always obligatory" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "First, two-th, three-th" (réf. Lausberg 1972 )
- Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "Multiple politeness distinctions" (réf. Braun 1984 )
- Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "Case suffixes" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "No possessive affixes" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Nominal Syntax:Noun Phrase Conjunction = "'And' different from 'with'" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Ruhlen 1973, Agard 1958, Tataru 1978 )
- Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Average" (réf. Ruhlen 1973, Agard 1958, Tataru 1978 )
- Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "Average" (réf. Tataru 1978, Agard 1958, Ruhlen 1973 )
- Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "No fixed stress" (réf. Augerot 1974, Steriade 1984, Roca 1999, Ulivi 1985, Avram 1978, Graur and Rosetti 1938, Lombard 1935, Ulivi 1977 )
- Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "None" (réf. Agard 1958, Ruhlen 1973, Tataru 1978 )
- Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "No glottalized consonants" (réf. Tataru 1978, Ruhlen 1973, Agard 1958 )
- Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Tataru 1978, Agard 1958, Ruhlen 1973 )
- Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None" (réf. Ruhlen 1973, Agard 1958, Tataru 1978 )
- Phonology:Tone = "No tones" (réf. Ruhlen 1973, Tataru 1978, Agard 1958 )
- Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "None" (réf. Tataru 1978, Agard 1958, Ruhlen 1973 )
- Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "None missing in /p t k b d g/" (réf. Tataru 1978, Ruhlen 1973, Agard 1958 )
- Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In both plosives and fricatives" (réf. Tataru 1978, Agard 1958, Ruhlen 1973 )
- Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Large (7-14)" (réf. Ruhlen 1973, Agard 1958, Tataru 1978 )
- Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "Lexical stress" (réf. Augerot 1974, Roca 1999, Steriade 1984, Ulivi 1985, Avram 1978, Graur and Rosetti 1938, Lombard 1935, Ulivi 1977 )
- Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Right-edge: Ultimate or penultimate" (réf. Augerot 1974, Steriade 1984, Roca 1999, Ulivi 1985, Avram 1978, Graur and Rosetti 1938, Lombard 1935, Ulivi 1977 )
- Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present" (réf. Haspelmath 1997 )
- Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative particle" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Identical" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Interrogative intonation only" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Nonverbal encoding" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Simple Clauses:Predicative Possession = "'Have'" (réf. Cazacu et al. 1967 )
- Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Impossible" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Maximal system" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "Overlap for both possibility and necessity" (réf. Coteanu et al. 1998 )
- Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "Grammatical marking" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Tense-aspect suffixes" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "No inflectional future" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "Second singular" (réf. Mallinson 1988 )
- Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "Present, no remoteness distinctions" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "No perfect" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
- Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Special imperative + normal negative" (réf. Mallinson 1988 )
- Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:NegSVO Order = "No NegSVO" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Noun-Adjective" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Prepositions" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Initial subordinator word" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Degree word-Adjective" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Mixed" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Noun-Genitive" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "VO" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Noun-Relative clause" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SVO" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "SNegVO" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "No question particle" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb = "Immed preverbal" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Postnominal relative clauses = "Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "VO and NAdj"
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "VO and Prepositions"
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "VO and NRel"
- Word Order:SNegVO Order = "Word&NoDoubleNeg" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:SVNegO Order = "No SVNegO" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:SVONeg Order = "No SVONeg" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
- Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages = "SNegVO" (réf. Mallinson 1986 )
Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_rom
Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE
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ROMANIAN (upsid 527) (32 segments) a , b , d̠ʒ , d̪ , e , e̞a , e̞o̞ , f , h , i , j , k , l̪ , m , n̪ , o , o̞a , p , r̪ , s̪ , t̠ʃ , t̪ , t̪s̪ , u , v , w , z̪ , ə , ɡ , ɨ , ʃ , ʒ
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Romanian (ea 2443) (51 segments) ä , b , bʲ , dʲ , d̠ʒ , d̠ʒʲ , d̪ , e̞ , e̯ä , f , fʲ , h , i , i̯ , k , kʲ , l , lʲ , m , mʲ , nʲ , n̪ , o̞ , o̯ä , p , pʲ , sʲ , s̪ , tsʲ , tʲ , t̠ʃ , t̠ʃʲ , t̪ , t̪s̪ , u , u̯ , v , vʲ , zʲ , z̪ , ç , ə , ɡ , ɡʲ , ɨ , ɾʲ , ɾ̪ , ʃ , ʃʲ , ʒ , ʒʲ
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Rumanian (spa 165) (31 segments) a , b , d , d̠ʒ , e , f , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p , s , t , ts , t̠ʃ , u , v , w , z , ɔ̯ , ə , ɛ̯ , ɡ , ɨ , ɾ , ʃ , ʒ
Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog
- 1996. Les différentes langues romanes et leurs régions d'implantation de la Renaissance à nos jours: Rumänisch, Dalmatisch/Istroromanisch, Friaulisch, Ladinisch, Bündnerromanisch. (Lexikon der romanistischen Linguistik, 3.) xxiv+912pp. (cf. référence complète)
- A. Rosetti. 1978. Brève histoire de la langue roumaine des origines à nos jours. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. (cf. référence complète)
- Aldea, Maria. 2005. Categoria gramaticalã a determinãrii în Limba Românã. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cluj-Napoca; 308pp.) (cf. référence complète)
- Alexandru Rosetti. 1973. Istoria limbii române. 1, De la origini pina in secolul al XVII-lea. 2nd edn. Bucuresti: Editura stiintifica si enciclopedica. 936pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Augerot, J.E. 1974. Romanian Phonology. A Generative Sketch of the Core Vocabulary of Standard Romanian. Idaho: Idaho Research Foundation, University of Idaho. (cf. référence complète)
- Augerot, James E. 1974. Romanian phonology: a generative phonological sketch of the core vocabulary of standard Romanian. (Language series / Idaho Research Foundation; 2, Language series / Idaho Research Foundation.) Moscow, Idaho: Idaho Research Foundation, University of Idaho. 86pp. (A revision of the author's 1968 thesis, University of Washington Bibliography: p. 85-86.) (cf. référence complète)
- Avram, A. 1978. Romanian and General Phonetics and Phonemics. Current trends in Romanian Linguistics, Revue Romaine de Linguistice 23, Cahiers de Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée 15, pp. 71-109. Bucuresti: Editura Academiei. (cf. référence complète)
- B. A. Andrianova and D. E. Mixal'či. 1954. Romynsko-Russkij. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Inostrannyx i National'nyx Slovarej. 978pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Bateman, Nicoleta. 2004. Full and secondary palatalization: a typological investigation ; qualifying paper. 78pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Bateman, Nicoleta. 2007. A crosslinguistic investigation of palatalization. San Diego, CA: Univ. of California. (cf. référence complète)
- Beyrer, Arthur and Klaus Bochmann and Siegfried Bronsert. 1987. Grammatik der rumänischen Sprache der Gegenwart. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie. (cf. référence complète)
- Braun, Friederike. 1984. Rumänische Anredeform. In Winter, Werner, ed., Anredeverhalten, pp. ???. Tübingen: G. Narr Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
- Cazacu, B. and others. 1967. Cours de langue roumaine. Bucuresti: Editura Didactica Si Pedagogica. (cf. référence complète)
- Corinna Leschber. 2008. Die Rudari in Serbien: Feldforschungen zu Sprachgebrauch, Spezifika, Sprachmischung, Archaismen. In Wolfgang Dahmen and Petra Himstedt-Vaid and Gerhard Ressel (eds.), Grenzüberschreitungen: Traditionen und Identitäten in Südosteuropa, 338-351. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. (cf. référence complète)
- Coteanu, Ion and Luiza Seche and Mircea Seche. 1998. Dictionariul explicativ al limbii române. Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic. (cf. référence complète)
- Dana Cojocaru. 2004. Romanian Grammar. Durham: SEELRC. 183pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Daniliuc, Radu and Laura Daniliuc. 2000. Descriptive Romanian Grammar: An Outline. (LINCOM Studies in Romance Linguistics, 14.) München: Lincom. xviii+411pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Di Sciullo, Anna Maria and Somesfalean, Stanca. 2013. The Definite Determiner in Romanian: A Biolinguistic Perspective. Australian Journal of Linguistics 33. 121–139. (cf. référence complète)
- Donald L. Dyer. 1999. The Romanian Dialect of Moldova: A Study in Language and Politics. (Studies in Linguistics and Semiotics, 1.) Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press. xiii+205pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Dyrul, A. and I. Etsko and F. Kotel'nik. 1967. Russko-Moldavskij Razgovornik. Kišinev: Lumina. 310pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Flora, Radu. 1971. Rumunski banatski govori u svetlu lingvističke geografije. Beograd: Filološki fakultet beogradskog Univerziteta. (cf. référence complète)
- Frederick B. Agard. 1958. A Structural Sketch of Rumanian. Language 34. 7-127. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. (Language Dissertation No. 26). (cf. référence complète)
- Gajdarzi, G.A. and N.A. Baskakov. 1973. Gagauzsko-russko-moldavskij slovar'. Moskva. (cf. référence complète)
- Graur, A. and A. Rosetti. 1938. Esquisse d'une phonologie du Roumain. Bulletin Linguistique 6. 5-29. (cf. référence complète)
- Gönczoel-Davies, Ramona. 2008. Romanian: an essential grammar. New York: Routledge. xiii+217pp. (Includes bibliographical references and index). (cf. référence complète)
- Gönczöl-Davies, Ramona. 2008. Romanian: an essential grammar. New York: Routledge. xiii+217pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Hill, Virginia. 2013. The Direct Object Marker in Romanian: A Historical Perspective. Australian Journal of Linguistics 33. 140–151. (cf. référence complète)
- ISO 639-3 Registration Authority. 2020. Change Request Number 2020-016: rejected merge [rup], rejected merge [ruq], rejected update [ron] (2021-01-15). Dallas: SIL International. (cf. référence complète)
- Iliescu, Maria. 1981. Vocabularul minimal al limbii române pentru studenti straini: cu traducere în limbile engleza, franceza, spaniola. Bucuresti: Ed. Didactica si Pedagogica. 251pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Ilutiu, Vincent. 1989. Le Roumain sans peine. Chennevières sur Marne: ASSiMiL. 452pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Ion Bărbuță and Elena Constantinovici. 2019. Gramatica limbii române. Chişinău: Pro-Libra. 277pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Johannes Kramer. 1980. Das Moldauische. Balkan-Archiv Neue Folge 5. 125-155. (cf. référence complète)
- Jovanović, Nadica N. 2013. Gramatika vlaškog jezika. Negotin. (cf. référence complète)
- Kahl, Thede. 2011. Die Zigeuner und das Rumänische. Zur Sprache und Kultur der Vlach-Roma, Bajeschi und Rudari. In Doppelbauer, Max and Kremnitz, Georg and Stiehler, Heinrich (eds.), Țigan, Zingaro, Gitane, Gitano, Cigano – Die Sprache der Roma in der Romania, 199-231. Bonn. (cf. référence complète)
- Klein, Udo-Michael. 2007. Encoding of argument structure in Romanian and SiSwati. London: Univ. (Doctoral dissertation, University of London; 236pp.) (cf. référence complète)
- Lombard, Alf. 1935. La Pronunciation du Roumain. Uppsala: [s.n. (cf. référence complète)
- Lombard, Alf. 1973. Rumänsk grammatik. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup. (cf. référence complète)
- Lombard, Alf. 1974. La langue Roumaine. Paris: Klincksieck. 414pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Mallinson, Graham. 1986. Rumanian. (Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars, Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars.) London: Croom Helm. 371pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Mallinson, Graham. 1988. Rumanian. In Harris, Martin and Vincent, Nigel (eds.), The Romance Languages, 391-419. London and Sydney: London: Croom Helm. (cf. référence complète)
- Marijana Petrovic-Rignault. 2008. Description syntaxique et sémantique du valaque (un parler daco-roumain de Serbie). (Doctoral dissertation, Université de la Sorbonne (Paris IV)). (cf. référence complète)
- Marinković, Annemarie Sorescu. 2006. Cultura populară a românilor din Timoc: încercare de periodizare a cercetărilor etnologice. Philologica Jassyensia 2. 73-92. (cf. référence complète)
- Martin Maiden. 2016. Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Aromanian. In Adam Ledgeway and Martin Maiden (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Romance languages, 91-125. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (cf. référence complète)
- Martin Murrell and Virgiliu Ştefănescu-Drăgăneşti. 1970. Romanian. (Teach Yourself Books.) London: English Universities Press. vi+428pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Mikhail N. Saenko. 2015. Istoriya Dalmatinskogo i Balkano-Romanskix Jazykov s Točki Zreniya Lexikostatistiki. Journal of Language Relationship 13. 371-382. (cf. référence complète)
- Mioara Avram and Silviu Berejean. 2000. Gramatica uzuală a limbii române. Chișinău: LITERA. 343pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Mircea Moṭ and Cornelia Chiriṭă and Steluṭa Pestrea Suciu. 2006. Gramatică de la A la Z. Piteşti: Paralela. 330pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Ortmann, Albert and Popescu, Alexandra. 2000. Romanian definite articles are not clitics. Linguistik Aktuell / Linguistics Today 36. (cf. référence complète)
- Petrucci, Peter R. 1999. Slavic features in the history of Rumanian. (LINCOM Studies in Romance linguistics, 8.) München: Lincom Europa. 160pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Pike, Kenneth L. 1953. Intonational analysis of a Rumanian sentence. Cahiers Sextil Puscariu 2. 59-60. (cf. référence complète)
- Popescu, Alexandra. 2000. The morphophonology of the Romanian clitic sequence. Lingua 110. (cf. référence complète)
- Ruhlen, Frank Merritt. 1973. Romanian phonology. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Stanford; x+255pp.) (cf. référence complète)
- Ruhlen, Merritt. 1973. Rumanian Phonology. Stanford University, Palo Alto Ph.D. Dissertation. (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University). (cf. référence complète)
- Sevenco, Anca. 2006. Terms of binding. Utrecht: LOT. (Doctoral dissertation). (cf. référence complète)
- Sikimić, Biljana and Sorescu, Annemarie. 2003. Din lexicul dialectal al satului Gradskovo. Lumina 4-6. 54-62. (cf. référence complète)
- Steriade, D. 1984. Glides and vowels in Romanian. Berkeley Linguistics Society 10. 47-64. (cf. référence complète)
- Tamás, Lajos. 1997. Etymologisch-Historisches Wörterbuch der Ungarischen Elemente im Rumänischen: (unter Berücksichtigung der Mundartwörter). (Indiana University Publications : Uralic and Altaic Series, 83.) Budapest, 1966, repr. edn. Richmond: Curzon. 936pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Tataru, A. 1978. The Pronunciation of Rumanian and English: Two Basic Contrastive Analyses. Frankfurt am Main: Haag and Herchen Verlag. (cf. référence complète)
- Theodor Gartner. 1904. Darstellung der Rumänischen Sprache. Halle: Max Niemeyer. 251pp. (cf. référence complète)
- lu Boža Kići, Ljubiša. 2015. Vlaško-srpski rečnik. Vlarumünesk-srbjesk vorbarju. 2nd edn. Tercija: Bor. (cf. référence complète)
- Șerban Andronescu. 1964. Rumanian English Dictionary. New York: Saphrograph. ix+287pp. (cf. référence complète)
Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog
Autres liens sur cette langue
- Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:ron
- OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/ron
- Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=ron
- iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ron
- Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/ron
Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog