Urdu

Code ISO 639-3: urd

Classification: Indo-European > Classical Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Indo-Aryan > Middle-Modern Indo-Aryan > Continental Indo-Aryan > Midlands Indo-Aryan > Shaurasenic > Indo-Aryan Central zone > Western Hindi > Hindustani > Urdu

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Khateeb S. Mustafa 1985)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

• Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical" (réf. Schmidt 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Differentiation" (réf. Stolz 1996 )
• Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Nominal Categories:Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = "Two-way contrast" (réf. Schmidt 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "2 cases" (réf. Schmidt 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "Multiple politeness distinctions" (réf. Schmidt 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "No case affixes or adpositional clitics" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Nominal Categories:Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = "Identical" (réf. Schmidt 1999 )
• Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Question particle" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Tense-aspect suffixes" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent" (réf. Dymshic 2001 )
• Word Order:Correlative relative clauses = "Correlative relative clause dominant" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:NegSOV Order = "No NegSOV" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Adjective-Noun" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Postpositions" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Initial subordinator word" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Degree word-Adjective"
• Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Demonstrative-Noun" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Genitive-Noun" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "OV"
• Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Correlative" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV"
• Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SOV"
• Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Not initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "SONegV" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "Initial" (réf. Bender 1967 )
• Word Order:Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb = "Immed preverbal" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "OV and AdjN"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "OV and Postpositions"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Other"
• Word Order:SNegOV Order = "No SNegOV" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:SONegV Order = "Word&NoDoubleNeg" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:SOVNeg Order = "NoSOVNeg" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )
• Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages = "SONegV" (réf. Bender 1967, Schmidt 1999 )

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_urd

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

• Urdu (ea 2466) (58 segments)
  ã̈ː , äː , b , b̤ʱ , d̠ʒ , d̤ʒ̤ʱ , d̻ , d̻̤ʱ , eː , ẽː , f , iː , ĩː , j , k , kʰ , l̻ , m , n̻ , oː , õː , p , pʰ , q , r , s , t̠ʃ , t̠ʃʰ , t̻ , t̻ʰ , uː , ũː , x , z , æ , ɔː , ɔ̃ː , ɖ , ɖ̤ʱ , ə , ə̃ , ɛː , ɛ̃ː , ɡ , ɡ̤ʱ , ɣ , ɦ , ɪ , ɪ̃ , ɽ , ɽ̤ʱ , ʂ , ʃ , ʈ , ʈʰ , ʊ , ʊ̃ , ʋ
• Urdu (ra 1797) (54 segments)
  a , b , b̤ , cç , cçʰ , d̪ , d̪̤ , ẽ̞ , f , h , i , ĩ , ĩː , j , k , kʰ , m , n , oː , õ , p , pʰ , q , r , t̪ , t̪ʰ , u , ũː , w , x , z , æ̞̃ , ç , ŋ , ɑ̃ , ɑ̃ː , ɔ , ɖ , ɖ̤ , ə , ə̃ , ɛ , ɟʝ , ɟ̤ʝ , ɡ , ɡʱ , ɣ , ɪ , ɽ , ʈ , ʈʰ , ʊ , ʊ̃ , ʝ

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

• 1995. Oxford English Urdu dictionary Oksfard Inglish Urdu dikshinari. Karaci, Pakistan: Oxford Univ. Press. xxiv+2099pp. (cf. référence complète)
• 2002. urduu qaaidaa. 17pp. (cf. référence complète)
• 2005. Saraiki-Urdu-Angrezi bol chal = Conversational Saraiki, Urdu, English. 37pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Aaron D. Rubin. 2019. A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India: An Analysis of Judeo-Urdu. Piscataway, N.J.: Gorgias Press. (cf. référence complète)
• Agesth, S. and Subrah, P. (eds.) 1976. Relative Participle in Dakhani Urdu with Special Reference to Tamil and Telugu. In Agesth, S. and Subrah, P. (eds.), Dravidian Linguistics - V. (cf. référence complète)
• Anton I. Kogan. 2017. Genealogical classification of New Indo-Aryan languages and lexicostatistics. Voprosy Jazykoznaniya 14. 227-258. (cf. référence complète)
• Asani, Ali S. and Hyder, Syed Akbar. 2008. Let's study Urdu: an introductory course. New Haven: Yale University Press. xxxi+488pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Author unknown. 2007. Kalam Kohistan ki rawaeti tarikh - hissa awal: kalam khas. (FLI Language and Culture Series, 3.) [Peshawar, Pakistan]: Frontier Language Institute. 169pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Aziz, A.K. 1988. An investigation into the factors governing the persistence of Urdu as a minority language in South Africa. (MA thesis, Univ. of South Africa (UNISA)). (cf. référence complète)
• Baart, Joan L.G. and Sindi, Ghulam Hyder (eds.) 2003. Pakistani languages and society: problems and prospects. Islamabad: National Inst. of Pakistan Studies. vi+153pp. (Papers read at a Seminar in Islamabad on May 28, 2002 Includes bibliographical references Some in Urdu). (cf. référence complète)
• Badrī Nārāyaṇa and Ramāśaṅkara Siṃha. 2016. Uttar Pradeś kī bhāshāem. (People's Linguistic Survey of India, 29(1).) New Delhi: Orient Blackswan. xlvi+399pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Bakhsh, Peir and Barnwell, Katharine. 1999. Tarjuma kitaab-e-muqaddas. Karachi: National Bible Translators of Pakistan. 259pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Beg, Mirza Khalil A. 1975. A Historical grammar of Urdu of north India 1600 to 1810 A.D. (Doctoral dissertation, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University; xvi+450pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Broeder, Peter and Extra, Guus and Maartens, Jeanne. 2002. Multilingualism in South Africa: with a focus on KwaZulu-Natal and metropolitan Durban. (PRAESA (Project for Alternative Education in South Africa) occasional papers, 7.) Univ. of Cape Town (UCT). (cf. référence complète)
• Butt, Miriam. 1991. Semantic case in Urdu. Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS) 27:1. 31-45. (cf. référence complète)
• Butt, Miriam. 1993. A Reanalysis of Long Distance Agreement in Urdu. Berkeley Linguistic Society 19. 52-63. (cf. référence complète)
• C. M. Naim. 1999. Introductory Urdu. 3rd edn. Chicago: South Asia Language & Area Center, University of Chicago. viii+345pp. (Band I von II). (cf. référence complète)
• Cardona, G. and Jain, D. (eds.) 2003. Urdu - Brief history & geography of Urdu, Phonology, Grammar, Syntax, Writing System. In Cardona, G. and Jain, D. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages. (cf. référence complète)
• Dellevoet, S. 1997. Indische talen in KwaZulu-Natal. (cf. référence complète)
• Dowson, John. 1872. A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language. London: Trübner & Co. 305pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Dymshic, Zalman M. 2001. Grammatika jazyka urdu. Moskva: Izdatel'skaja firma "Vostochnaja literatura" RAN. (cf. référence complète)
• Dymsic, Zalman M. 2001. Grammatika jazyka urdu. Moskva: Vostocnaja literatura RAN. 589pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Ernest Bender. 1967. Urdu: Grammar and Reader. Philadelphia: New Delhi: Bahri Publications. 490pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Eunice Tan and Gulrang Lal Mohd. 1. Aasaan urduu kitaab 1. Karachi: Young Education Society. 12pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Eunice Tan and Gulrang Lal Mohd. 1999. Aasaan urduu kitaab 2. Karachi: Young Education Society. 16pp. (cf. référence complète)
• George A. Grierson. 1916. Indo-Aryan Family: Central Group: Specimens of Western Hindī and Pañjābī. (Linguistic Survey of India, IX(I).) Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 834pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Haidari, Mohamed Akbar Khan. 1961. "The Munshi": Standard Urdu Grammar (With Exercises and Full Vocabulary). 18th edn. Islamabad: Haidari's Oriental Book Depot. xx+262pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Hamidullah, M. 1939. Brief notes on 'Nirali Urdu' of Delhi. Indian Linguistics 7. 341-351. (cf. référence complète)
• Haq, Abdul. 1998. Urdu-English dictionary: over 40,000 words and phrases. New Delhi: Star Publications. 696pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Humayoun, Muhammad. 2006. Urdu morphology, orthography and lexicon extraction. Göteborg: Department of Computer Science and Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Göteborg; 106pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Hussain, Sarmad and Nair, Rami. 1995. Voicing and aspiration contrasts in Hindi and Urdu. Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS) 31:1. 205-216. (cf. référence complète)
• Hussain, Sarmad. 1997. Phonetic Correlates of Lexical Stress in Urdu. (Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University; 167pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Hussain, Sarmad. 2007. Phonetic correlates of lexical stress in Urdu. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Zugl.: Evanston, Northwestern Univ., Diss,. 1997). (cf. référence complète)
• Jameelanishat, Harchir Arora. 2015. Dakkanī Urdu. In Usha Devi, Ainavolu and D. Chandrasekhara Reddy (eds.), Āndhraprādēś Telaṅgāṇa Rāṣṭrāla bhāṣālu [Languages of the Telangana States of Andhra Pradesh], 140-173. Haidarābād: Emesco Books. (cf. référence complète)
• Khan, Iqtidar H. 1999. A contrastive and comparative study of standard Urdu and standard Hindi. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim Univ. 208pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Khateeb S. Mustafa. 1985. A descriptive study of Dakhni Urdu as spoken in the Chittoor District, A. P. (Doctoral dissertation, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University; 584pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Khateeb S. Mustafa. 2000. A Descriptive Grammar of Dakkhini. New Delhi: Munishiram Manoharlal Publishers. ix+278pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Kljuev, Boris I. and Akimov, A. I. and Glebov, N. V. 1959. Russko-urdu slovar': 23000 slov ; s prilozeniem ocerka grammatiki jazyka Urdu. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe Izdat. Inostrannych u Nacional'nych Slovarej. 1123pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Koul, Omkar N. and Devaki, L. (eds.) 2000. Linguistic heritage of India and Asia. (Central Institute of Indian Languages Publications, 469.) Mysore, India: Central Institute of Indian Languages. xv+343pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Lodhi, Abdulaziz Yusuf. 2000. Oriental influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts. (Orientalia et africana gothoburgensia, 15.) Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. 253pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Masood, Shahida. 1986. The Urdu dialect the Pathans of Kaimganj (U.P.): A linguistic analysis of its characteristics --- lexical items and idioms. (MA thesis, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University; 125pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Naim, C. M. [1965]. Readings in Urdu: prose and poetry. (Asian language series.) Honolulu: South Asia Language and Area Center, University of Chicago, by East-West Center Press. viii+396pp. ("Written and prepared ... under contract with the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C."). (cf. référence complète)
• Peter C. Backstrom and Carla F. Radloff. 1992. Languages of Northern Areas. (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2.) Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies. xxiii+417pp. (Balti – Burushaski – Wakhi – Domaaki – The dialects of Shina – Appendices Includes bibliographical references (p. 409-417)). (cf. référence complète)
• Platts, John Thompson. 1998. Encyclopaedic dictionary of Urdu, Hindi, and English. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publ. (cf. référence complète)
• Prabhakaran, Varijakshi. 1998. Indian languages in KwaZulu-Natal. In Extra, Guus and Maartens, Jeanne (eds.), Multilingualism in a multicultural context: case studies on South Africa and western Europe, 75-90. Tilburg Univ. Press. (cf. référence complète)
• Pradeep, Kumar Das. 2006. Grammatical agreement in Hindi-Urdu and its major varieties. (Lincom Studies in Indo-European Linguistics, 33.) München: Lincom. vii+272pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Radloff, Carla F. 1991. Sentence repetition testing for studies of community bilingualism. (Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 104.) Arlington, TX: Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. xvi+194pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Ruth Laila Schmidt. 1969. A structural analysis of Hyderabadi Dakhini Urdu. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania). (cf. référence complète)
• Ruth Laila Schmidt. 1982. Dakhini Urdu: history and structure. (Series in Indian languages and linguistics, 11.) New Delhi: Bahri Publications. 110pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Ruth Laila Schmidt. 2003. Urdu. In George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, 286-350. London: London & New York: Routledge. (cf. référence complète)
• Sarwet Rasul. 2006. Language Hybridization in Pakistan as a socio-cultural phenomenon: An analysis of code-mixed linguistic patterns. (Doctoral dissertation, Islamabad: National University of Modern Languages; 462pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Schmidt, Ruth Laila. 1999. Urdu: an essential grammar. (Essential Grammars.) London-New York: Routledge. xviii+300pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Shakeel, M. Abdul Gaffar. 1967. Phonology and morphology of Dakhni Urdu as spoken in Mysore. (Doctoral dissertation, Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University; 201pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Sharma, Sri Ram. 1960. Dakkhini kā rūp vinyas. Agra. (cf. référence complète)
• Shuja, Asif. 1999. Noun phrase structure of English & Urdu. (SELL - Series in English Language and Literature, 49.) New Delhi: Bahri. 100pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Switzer, Les and Switzer, Donna. 1979. The black press in South Africa and Lesotho: a descriptive bibliographical guide to African, Coloured and Indian newspapers, newsletters and magazines 1836-1976. (Bibliographies and guides to African studies.) Boston: G.K. Hall & Co. (cf. référence complète)
• W. Yates. 1841. Introduction of the Hindustani language. 4th edn. London: Trübner & Co. 456pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Zaidi, Shamshad and Nazir, Hassan. 1997. An introduction to Urdu script: reading and writing. (Central Institute of Indian Languages, 419.) Mysore, India: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Ministry of HUman Resources Development, Dept. of Education. vii+177pp. (cf. référence complète)
• n.d. (cf. référence complète)

Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog

Autres liens sur cette langue

• Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:urd
• OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/urd
• Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=urd
• iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=urd
• Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/urd

Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog