Amharic

Code ISO 639-3: amh

Classification: Afro-Asiatic > Semitic > West Semitic > Ethiosemitic > South Ethiopic > Amharic-Argobba > Amharic

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Richter, Renate 1987)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Pays ou régions dans lesquelles l'entrepôt dispose d'enregistrements
Région Code Nombre
Ethiopia ET 356
France FR 3
Rechercher toutes les ressources de l'entrepôt sur cette langue: Amharic

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

  • Lexicon:Finger and Hand = "Different" (réf. Leslau 1976 )
  • Lexicon:Hand and Arm = "Identical" (réf. Leslau 1976 )
  • Lexicon:M in First Person Singular = "No m in first person singular" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Lexicon:M in Second Person Singular = "No m in second person singular" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Lexicon:M-T Pronouns = "No M-T pronouns" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Lexicon:N-M Pronouns = "No N-M pronouns" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Lexicon:Numeral Bases = "Decimal" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Lexicon:Tea = "Words derived from Sinitic cha" (réf. Malherbe and Rosenberg 1996 )
  • Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Weakly suffixing" (réf. Cowley et al. 1976, Cotterell 1964, Leslau 1966, Leslau 1995 )
  • Morphology:Reduplication = "Productive full and partial reduplication" (réf. Devens 2001a )
  • Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Symmetrical" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Leslau 1966 )
  • Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "Definite word distinct from demonstrative" (réf. Leslau 1966 )
  • Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "Marked by reduplication" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person" (réf. Hudson 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "Indefinite word same as 'one'" (réf. Leslau 1966 )
  • Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Identical" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "2 cases" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "Two" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Nominal Categories:Numeral Classifiers = "Absent" (réf. Nichols 1992 )
  • Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "Pronouns only" (réf. Hudson 1997 )
  • Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person-number stem" (réf. Titov 1991 )
  • Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "Case suffixes" (réf. Cotterell 1964, Leslau 1966 )
  • Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "Possessive suffixes" (réf. Leslau 1966 )
  • Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "Sex-based" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "Semantic and formal" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Nominal Categories:The Associative Plural = "Unique affixal associative plural"
  • Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "Possessive-Accusative"
  • Nominal Syntax:Noun Phrase Conjunction = "'And' different from 'with'" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Number of Possessive Nouns = "None reported" (réf. Dillmann and Bezold 1907 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Obligatory Possessive Inflection = "Absent" (réf. Dillmann and Bezold 1907 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Possessive Classification = "No possessive classification" (réf. Dillmann and Bezold 1907 )
  • Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Moderately large" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "Moderately high" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "None" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "Ejectives only" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Moderately complex" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "No velar nasal" (réf. Leslau 1997b )
  • Phonology:Tone = "No tones" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "None" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "None missing in /p t k b d g/" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In plosives alone" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Large (7-14)" (réf. Hayward and Hayward 1999 )
  • Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Accusative" (réf. Hudson 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Comparative Constructions = "Locational" (réf. Cohen 1936 )
  • Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Double-object construction"
  • Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Subject affixes on verb" (réf. Cotterell 1964 )
  • Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Double negation" (réf. Leslau 1966, Leslau 1995 )
  • Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Identical" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Morphological but no compound" (réf. Leslau 1968a )
  • Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A precedes P" (réf. Hudson 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Hudson 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Mixture of previous two types" (réf. Cowley et al. 1976, Leslau 1995 )
  • Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Nonverbal encoding" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Simple Clauses:Predicative Possession = "Locational" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "No zero realization" (réf. Hudson 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "Both the A and P arguments" (réf. Hudson 1997 )
  • Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Impossible" (réf. Hartmann 1980 )
  • Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Neither type of system" (réf. Bentolila and Shimelis 1998 )
  • Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "No overlap" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "No grammatical marking" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Mixed type" (réf. Leslau 1966 )
  • Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "No inflectional future" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "Second singular and second plural" (réf. Bentolila and Shimelis 1998, Leslau 1995 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "Present, no remoteness distinctions" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "Other perfect" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Special imperative + special negative" (réf. Leslau 1995, Bentolila and Shimelis 1998 )
  • Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Leslau 1966, Leslau 1995 )
  • Word Order:NegSOV Order = "No NegSOV" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Obligatory Double Negation = "[Neg-V-Neg]" (réf. Leslau 1966, Leslau 1995 )
  • Word Order:Obligatory Double Negation in SOV languages = "SO[Neg-V-Neg]" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Adjective-Noun" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "No dominant order" (réf. Cowley et al. 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Final subordinator word" (réf. Cowley et al. 1976 )
  • Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Demonstrative-Noun" (réf. Cotterell 1964 )
  • Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Genitive-Noun" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "ObligDoubleNeg" (réf. Leslau 1966, Leslau 1995 )
  • Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Cotterell 1964 )
  • Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "OV" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Relative clause-Noun" (réf. Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SOV" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Not initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Leslau 1995 )
  • Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "ObligDoubleNeg" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "[V-Neg]" (réf. Leslau 1966, Leslau 1995 )
  • Word Order:Prenominal relative clauses = "Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant" (réf. Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "[Neg-V]" (réf. Leslau 1966, Leslau 1995 )
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "OV and AdjN"
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Other"
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "OV and RelN"
  • Word Order:SNegOV Order = "No SNegOV" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:SONegV Order = "Prefix&OnlyWithAnotherNeg" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:SOVNeg Order = "Suffix&OnlyWithAnotherNeg" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )
  • Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SOV Languages = "ObligDoubleNeg" (réf. Leslau 1995, Leslau 1966 )

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_amh

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

  • AMHARIC (upsid 219) (37 segments)
    a , b , d̠ʒ , d̪|d , e̞ , f , h , hʷ , i , j , k , kʷ , kʷʼ , kʼ , l̪|l , m , n̪|n , o̞ , p , pʼ , s̪|s , s̪ʷ|sʷ , t̠ʃ , t̠ʃʼ , t̪|t , t̪ʼ|tʼ , u , w , z̪|z , ə , ɡ , ɡʷ , ɨ , ɲ , ɾ , ʃ , ʒ
  • Amharic (spa 131) (59 segments)
    a , b , bː , d , dː , d̠ʒ , d̠ʒː , e , f , fː , h , hʷ , i , j , k , kʷ , kʷʼ , kʼ , kʼː , kː , l , lː , m , mː , n , nː , o , p , pʼ , rː , s , sʼ , sʼː , sː , t , tʼ , tʼː , tː , t̠ʃ , t̠ʃʼ , t̠ʃʼː , t̠ʃː , u , w , z , zː , ə , ɡ , ɡʷ , ɡː , ɨ , ɲ , ɲː , ɾ , ʃ , ʃː , ʒ , ʒː , ʔ
  • Amharic (uz 2156) (68 segments)
    a , b , bʷ , bʷː , bː , d , dː , d̠ʒ , d̠ʒː , e , f , fʷ , fʷː , fː , h , hː , i , j , jː , k , kʷ , kʷʼ , kʷʼː , kʷː , kː , l , lː , m , mʷ , mʷː , mː , n , nː , o , p , pʷʼ , pʼ , pʼː , r , rː , s , sː , t , tʼ , tʼː , tː , t̠ʃ , t̠ʃʼ , t̠ʃʼː , t̠ʃː , u , w , wː , z , zː , ŋ , ŋː , ə , ɡ , ɡʷ , ɡʷː , ɡː , ɨ , ɲ , ʃ , ʃː , ʒ , ʒː

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

  • Abbadie, Antoine [Thompson] d'. 18xx. ... [Title wanting]. The Athenaeum: journal of literature, science, the fine arts, music and the drama. (cf. référence complète)
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  • Abraham, Getahun Y. 2002. Svensk-amharisk ordlista. 2nd edn. Göteborg: Self-published. 161pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Adafre, Sisay Fissaha. 2004. Adding Amharic to a unification-based machine translation system: an experiment. (Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Sprach- und Translationswissenchaft, 5.) Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang Publishers. 208pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Adey Abebe. 1987. The role of the Ethiopian Revolution in the development of Amharic vocabulary. (unpublished). (cf. référence complète)
  • Aescoly, A.Z. 1951. Recueil de textes falachas. (Travaux et mémoires de l'Inst. d'Ethnologie, 55.) Univ. de Paris. (cf. référence complète)
  • Aescoly, A.Z. 1961. Notices sur les falacha ou juifs d'Abyssinie, d'après le journal de voyage d'Antoine d'Abbadie. Cahiers d'études africaines 2. 84-147. (cf. référence complète)
  • Afework, G.J. 1905. Grammatica della lingua amarica: metodo pratico per l'insegnamento. Roma. (cf. référence complète)
  • Ahland, Michael Bryan. 2009. From topic to subject: grammatical change in the Amharic possessive construction. Studies in language 33. 685-717. (cf. référence complète)
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Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog