Mandarin Chinese

Code ISO 639-3: cmn

Classification: Sino-Tibetan > Sinitic > Classical-Middle-Modern Sinitic > Middle-Modern Sinitic > Northern Chinese > Mandarinic > Mandarin Chinese

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A. 1981)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

• Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit" (réf. Gui 2000 )
• Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Complex Sentences:'When' Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Complex Sentences:Purpose Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Complex Sentences:Reason Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Complex Sentences:Relativization on Obliques = "Gap" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Complex Sentences:Relativization on Subjects = "Gap" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Complex Sentences:Utterance Complement Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Lexicon:Finger and Hand = "Different" (réf. Huang 1954 )
• Lexicon:Green and Blue = "Green vs. blue"
• Lexicon:Hand and Arm = "Different" (réf. Huang 1954 )
• Lexicon:M in First Person Singular = "No m in first person singular" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Lexicon:M in Second Person Singular = "No m in second person singular" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Lexicon:M-T Pronouns = "No M-T pronouns" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Lexicon:N-M Pronouns = "No N-M pronouns" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Lexicon:Number of Basic Colour Categories = "8-8.5"
• Lexicon:Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories = "6"
• Lexicon:Numeral Bases = "Decimal"
• Lexicon:Red and Yellow = "Red vs. yellow"
• Lexicon:Tea = "Words derived from Sinitic cha" (réf. Malherbe and Rosenberg 1996 )
• Morphology:Case Syncretism = "No case marking"
• Morphology:Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Monoexponential case" (réf. Bisang 1991, Li and Thompson 1981, Bisang 1992 )
• Morphology:Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection = "monoexponential TAM" (réf. Bisang 1992, Li and Thompson 1981, Bisang 1991 )
• Morphology:Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Isolating/concatenative" (réf. Bisang 1991, Li and Thompson 1981, Bisang 1992 )
• Morphology:Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb = "0-1 category per word" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases = "Dependent marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking in the Clause = "Dependent marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology = "Dependent-marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Morphology:Reduplication = "Productive full and partial reduplication" (réf. Zhu 2001 )
• Morphology:Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking = "No subject person/number marking"
• Morphology:Zero Marking of A and P Arguments = "Non-zero marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "No case-marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Differentiation" (réf. Stolz 1996 )
• Nominal Categories:Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers = "Formally similar, with interrogative"
• Nominal Categories:Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = "Two-way contrast" (réf. Chao 1968 )
• Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "No distributive numerals"
• Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "3rd person singular only" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns = "Inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Chao 1968 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection = "No person marking" (réf. Chao 1968 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Mixed" (réf. Chappell 1994 )
• Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Identical" (réf. Hole 1998 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "No morphological case-marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "None" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Numeral Classifiers = "Obligatory"
• Nominal Categories:Occurrence of Nominal Plurality = "Only human nouns, optional" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "One-th, two-th, three-th" (réf. Ming Chao Gui 2000 )
• Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "One-th, two-th, three-th" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "No person marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person stem + nominal plural affix" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "Binary politeness distinction" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "No case affixes or adpositional clitics" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "No possessive affixes" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = "Identical" (réf. Chao 1968 )
• Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "No gender" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "No gender" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Categories:The Associative Plural = "Unique periphrastic associative plural" (réf. Chao 1968 )
• Nominal Categories:Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives = "Related for non-human reference" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "No action nominals"
• Nominal Syntax:Adjectives without Nouns = "Marked by following word"
• Nominal Syntax:Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses = "Weakly differentiated"
• Nominal Syntax:Nominal and Verbal Conjunction = "Differentiation" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981, Chappell 1994 )
• Nominal Syntax:Noun Phrase Conjunction = "'And' identical to 'with'" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Syntax:Number of Possessive Nouns = "None reported" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Syntax:Obligatory Possessive Inflection = "Absent" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Nominal Syntax:Possessive Classification = "No possessive classification" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Dow 1972, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960, Chao 1968 )
• Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Moderately large" (réf. Dow 1972, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960, Chao 1968 )
• Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "Average" (réf. Dow 1972, Chao 1968, Hanyu 1960, Cheng 1973a )
• Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "No fixed stress" (réf. Henne et al. 1977 )
• Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "High only" (réf. Chao 1968, Dow 1972, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960 )
• Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "No glottalized consonants" (réf. Chao 1968, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960, Dow 1972 )
• Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Chao 1968, Cheng 1973a, Dow 1972, Hanyu 1960 )
• Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None" (réf. Dow 1972, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960, Chao 1968 )
• Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Moderately complex" (réf. Dow 1972, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960, Chao 1968 )
• Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "No initial velar nasal" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Phonology:Tone = "Complex tone system" (réf. Dow 1972, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960, Chao 1968 )
• Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "Uvular continuants only" (réf. Chao 1968, Cheng 1973a, Dow 1972, Hanyu 1960 )
• Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "Other" (réf. Cheng 1973a, Dow 1972, Chao 1968, Hanyu 1960 )
• Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In fricatives alone" (réf. Chao 1968, Dow 1972, Hanyu 1960, Cheng 1973a )
• Phonology:Vowel Nasalization = "Contrast absent" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Average (5-6)" (réf. Dow 1972, Cheng 1973a, Hanyu 1960, Chao 1968 )
• Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "Lexical stress" (réf. Henne et al. 1977 )
• Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Not predictable" (réf. Henne et al. 1977 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases = "Neutral" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns = "Neutral" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Neutral" (réf. Norman 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Antipassive Constructions = "No antipassive" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Applicative Constructions = "No applicative construction" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Comparative Constructions = "Exceed" (réf. Ming Chao Gui 2000 )
• Simple Clauses:Comparative Constructions = "Exceed" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Double-object construction" (réf. Gui 2000 )
• Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Mixed" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Optional pronouns in subject position" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present" (réf. Gui 2000 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative particle" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Different" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Compound but no morphological" (réf. Li and Thompson 1976 )
• Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Norman 1988 )
• Simple Clauses:Other Roles of Applied Objects = "No applicative construction"
• Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Question particle" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Verbal encoding" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Predicative Possession = "Topic" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Productivity of the Antipassive Construction = "no antipassive" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Reciprocal Constructions = "Distinct from reflexive" (réf. Hoa et al. 2007 )
• Simple Clauses:Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation = "A/Fin" (réf. Wiedenhof 1994, Lin 2001 )
• Simple Clauses:Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Both" (réf. Wiedenhof 1994, Lin 2001 )
• Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "No person marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "No person marking" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Impossible" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Neither type of system" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "Overlap for both possibility and necessity" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "Grammatical marking" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Tense-aspect suffixes" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect = "None" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives = "None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)"
• Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "No inflectional future" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "No second-person imperatives" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "No past tense" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "No perfect" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + special negative" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Verbal Categories:Verbal Number and Suppletion = "None" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:NegSVO Order = "No NegSVO"
• Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Adjective-Noun" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "No dominant order" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Degree word-Adjective" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Demonstrative-Noun" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Genitive-Noun" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "VO" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb = "XVO" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Relative clause-Noun" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SVO" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Not initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "SNegVO"
• Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "Final" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb = "Immed preverbal"
• Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Prenominal relative clauses = "Relative clause-Noun (RelN) dominant" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV" (réf. Li and Thompson 1981 )
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "VO and AdjN"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Other"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "VO and RelN"
• Word Order:SNegVO Order = "Word&NoDoubleNeg"
• Word Order:SVNegO Order = "No SVNegO"
• Word Order:SVONeg Order = "No SVONeg"
• Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages = "SNegVO"

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_kug

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

• MANDARIN (upsid 286) (32 segments)
  a , a˞ , cç , cçʰ , f , i , j , k , kʰ , l̪|l , m , n , p , pʰ , s̪|s , t̪s̪|ts , t̪s̪ʰ|tsʰ , t̪|t , t̪ʰ|tʰ , u , w , y , ç , ŋ , ə˞ , ɤ̟ , ɥ , ʂ , ʈʂ , ʈʂʰ , ʐ , χ
• Mandarin Chinese (spa 16) (43 segments)
  a , a˞ , a̟˞ , cç , cçʰ , f , i , j , k , kʰ , l , m , n , p , pʰ , s , t , ts , tsʰ , tʰ , u , u˞ , w , w˞ , y , ç , ŋ , ɑ̃˞ , ə˞ , ə̃˞ , ɤ , ɤ˞ , ɥ , ɰ , ʂ , ʈʂ , ʈʂʰ , ʐ , ˥ , ˥˦ , ˧˥ , ˧˨˥ , χ
• Standard Chinese (ea 2457) (46 segments)
  a , ai , au , ei , f , i , ia , iau , ie , iou , iu , j , k , kʰ , l , m , n , ou , p , pʰ , s , t , ts , tsʰ , tɕ , tɕʰ , tʰ , t̠ʃ̺ , t̠ʃ̺ʰ , u , ua , uai , uei , uo , uə , w , x , y , ye , ŋ , ɕ , ə , ɤ , ɹ̪̩ , ɹ̺ , ʃ̺
• Standard Chinese; Mandarin (ph 1047) (49 segments)
  a , ai , au , ei , f , i , ia , iau , ie , iou , iu , j , k , kʰ , l , m , n , ou , p , pʰ , s , t , ts , tsʰ , tɕ , tɕʰ , tʰ , t̠ʃ , t̠ʃ̺ʰ , u , ua , uai , uei , uo , uə , w , x , y , ye , ŋ , ɕ , ə , ɤ , ɹ , ʃ̺ , ˦ , ˦˨ , ˧˦ , ˧˨˧

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

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• 1995. Chinese Causal Sequencing and Yinwei in Conversation and Press Reportage. In Proceedings of the 21st annual meeting of the Berkeley Lingistics Society, February 17-20,1995. Special session on discourse in southeast Asian languages. (cf. référence complète)
• 1995. Local and Global Coreferences: Third- Person Zero Pronoun in Chinese Narratives. In Proceedings of the 21st annual meeting of the Berkeley Lingistics Society, February 17-20,1995. Special session on discourse in southeast Asian languages. (cf. référence complète)
• 1995. On the Degree of Givenness: An Analysis of Noun Phrases in Some Chinese Constructions. In Proceedings of the 21st annual meeting of the Berkeley Lingistics Society, February 17-20,1995. Special session on discourse in southeast Asian languages. (cf. référence complète)
• 2007. Dai Lü First year kindergarten first semester art teacher's manual. (cf. référence complète)
• 2007. Dai Lü First year kindergarten first semester music teacher's manual. (cf. référence complète)
• 2007. Dai Lü First year kindergarten first semester physical education teacher's manual. (cf. référence complète)
• 2007. Dai Lü first year kindergarten first semester math teacher's manual. (cf. référence complète)
• 2007. Dai Lü first year kindergarten primer track first semester teacher's manual. (cf. référence complète)
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• Chao Ju-kua. 1250. Chu fah chih = Gazetteer of foreigners. (cf. référence complète)
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Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog

Autres liens sur cette langue

• Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:cmn
• OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/cmn
• Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=cmn
• iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cmn
• Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/cmn

Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog