Finnish

Code ISO 639-3: fin

Classification: Uralic > Finnic > Coastal Finnic > Neva > North Finnic > Nuclear Finnish > Finnish

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Hakulinen, Auli and Maria Vilkuna and Riitta Korhonen and Vesa Koivisto and Tarja Riitta Heinonen and Irja Alho 2004)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

• Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Complex Sentences:'When' Clauses = "Balanced/deranked" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Complex Sentences:Purpose Clauses = "Balanced/deranked" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Complex Sentences:Reason Clauses = "Balanced/deranked" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Complex Sentences:Relativization on Obliques = "Relative pronoun" (réf. Fromm 1982 )
• Complex Sentences:Relativization on Subjects = "Relative pronoun" (réf. Fromm 1982 )
• Complex Sentences:Utterance Complement Clauses = "Balanced/deranked" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Lexicon:Finger and Hand = "Different" (réf. Wuolle 1967 )
• Lexicon:Hand and Arm = "Different" (réf. Wuolle 1967 )
• Lexicon:M in First Person Singular = "m in first person singular" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Lexicon:M in Second Person Singular = "No m in second person singular" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Lexicon:M-T Pronouns = "M-T pronouns, paradigmatic" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Lexicon:N-M Pronouns = "No N-M pronouns" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Lexicon:Numeral Bases = "Decimal"
• Lexicon:Tea = "Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te"
• Morphology:Case Syncretism = "Core and non-core" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Morphology:Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Case + number" (réf. Whitney 1973, Karlsson 1999, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Morphology:Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection = "monoexponential TAM" (réf. Karlsson 1999, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Whitney 1973 )
• Morphology:Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives = "Exclusively concatenative" (réf. Whitney 1973, Karlsson 1999 )
• Morphology:Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb = "2-3 categories per word" (réf. Whitney 1973 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases = "Double marking" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking in the Clause = "Dependent marking" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Morphology:Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology = "Inconsistent or other" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing" (réf. Whitney 1973, Neuvonen 1935, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Morphology:Reduplication = "No productive reduplication" (réf. Mitchell 2001 )
• Morphology:Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking = "Not syncretic" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Morphology:Zero Marking of A and P Arguments = "Non-zero marking" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Whitney 1973 )
• Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Differentiation" (réf. Laanest 1982 )
• Nominal Categories:Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers = "Formally similar, with interrogative" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Nominal Categories:Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives = "Two-way contrast" (réf. Laury 1995 )
• Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "No distributive numerals"
• Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "No gender distinctions" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Karlsson 1982 )
• Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Karlsson 1982 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Special" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Identical"
• Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "10 or more cases" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "None" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Numeral Classifiers = "Absent"
• Nominal Categories:Occurrence of Nominal Plurality = "All nouns, always obligatory" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "First, second, three-th" (réf. Laanest 1982 )
• Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "Pronouns only" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person-number stem" (réf. Jeliseev 1993 )
• Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "Binary politeness distinction" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "Case suffixes" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Whitney 1973 )
• Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "Possessive suffixes" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Nominal Categories:Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives = "Identical" (réf. Laury 1995 )
• Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "No gender" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "No gender" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Categories:The Associative Plural = "No associative plural"
• Nominal Categories:Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives = "Unrelated" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "Double-Possessive" (réf. Hakulinen and Karlsson 1979 )
• Nominal Syntax:Adjectives without Nouns = "Without marking"
• Nominal Syntax:Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses = "Highly differentiated"
• Nominal Syntax:Nominal and Verbal Conjunction = "Identity" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Syntax:Noun Phrase Conjunction = "'And' different from 'with'" (réf. Fromm and Sadeniemi 1956 )
• Nominal Syntax:Number of Possessive Nouns = "None reported" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Syntax:Obligatory Possessive Inflection = "Absent" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Nominal Syntax:Possessive Classification = "No possessive classification" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Other:Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks = "Affective meanings"
• Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Harms 1964, Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970 )
• Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Moderately small" (réf. Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "Moderately low" (réf. Lehtinen 1970, Wiik 1965, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "Initial" (réf. Fromm 1982 )
• Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "High and mid" (réf. Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "No glottalized consonants" (réf. Lehtinen 1970, Wiik 1965, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Lehtinen 1970, Wiik 1965, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None" (réf. Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Rhythm Types = "Trochaic" (réf. Fromm 1982 )
• Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Moderately complex" (réf. Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "No initial velar nasal" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Phonology:Tone = "No tones" (réf. Harms 1964, Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970 )
• Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "None" (réf. Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "None missing in /p t k b d g/" (réf. Lehtinen 1970, Wiik 1965, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In both plosives and fricatives" (réf. Lehtinen 1970, Wiik 1965, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Vowel Nasalization = "Contrast absent" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Large (7-14)" (réf. Wiik 1965, Lehtinen 1970, Harms 1964 )
• Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "No weight" (réf. Fromm 1982 )
• Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)" (réf. Fromm 1982 )
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases = "Nominative - accusative (standard)"
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns = "Nominative - accusative (standard)"
• Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Accusative" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Antipassive Constructions = "No antipassive" (réf. Karlsson 1999, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Applicative Constructions = "No applicative construction" (réf. Karlsson 1999, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Comparative Constructions = "Particle" (réf. Fromm and Sadeniemi 1956 )
• Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Indirect-object construction" (réf. Karlsson 1999 )
• Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Mixed" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present" (réf. Haspelmath 1997, Karlsson 1999 )
• Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative auxiliary verb" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Identical" (réf. Fromm and Sadeniemi 1956 )
• Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Morphological but no compound" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Other Roles of Applied Objects = "No applicative construction"
• Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Periphrastic Causative Constructions = "Purposive but no sequential" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Question particle" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Nonverbal encoding" (réf. Fromm and Sadeniemi 1956 )
• Simple Clauses:Predicative Possession = "Locational" (réf. Karlsson 1983 )
• Simple Clauses:Productivity of the Antipassive Construction = "no antipassive" (réf. Karlsson 1999, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Reciprocal Constructions = "Distinct from reflexive" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation = "A/Fin"
• Simple Clauses:Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Asymmetric"
• Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "Zero in all 3sg forms" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "Only the A argument" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Impossible" (réf. Fromm and Sadeniemi 1956 )
• Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "Modal morpheme" (réf. Kangasniemi 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Kangasniemi 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Maximal system" (réf. Karlsson 2000 )
• Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "Overlap for both possibility and necessity" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Kangasniemi 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "No grammatical marking" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Tense-aspect suffixes" (réf. Neuvonen 1935, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "Indirect only" (réf. Kangasniemi 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Kangasniemi 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect = "None" (réf. Karlsson 1978 )
• Verbal Categories:Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives = "Imperative"
• Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "No inflectional future" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "Second singular and second plural" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Karlsson 2000 )
• Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "Present, no remoteness distinctions" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "Other perfect" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
• Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + special negative" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Karlsson 2000 )
• Verbal Categories:Verbal Number and Suppletion = "None" (réf. Karlsson 1978 )
• Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:NegSVO Order = "No NegSVO" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Adjective-Noun" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Postpositions" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992, Neuvonen 1935 )
• Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Initial subordinator word" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Degree word-Adjective" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Demonstrative-Noun" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Genitive-Noun" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "VO" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb = "VOX" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Noun-Relative clause" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SVO" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Initial interrogative phrase" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "SNegVO" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "Second position" (réf. Whitney 1973, Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb = "Immed preverbal" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Postnominal relative clauses = "Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "VO and AdjN"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "VO and Postpositions"
• Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "VO and NRel"
• Word Order:SNegVO Order = "Word&NoDoubleNeg" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:SVNegO Order = "No SVNegO" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:SVONeg Order = "No SVONeg" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )
• Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages = "SNegVO" (réf. Sulkala and Karjalainen 1992 )

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_fin

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

• FINNISH (upsid 329) (25 segments)
  a , b , d̪ , f , h , i , j , k , l̪ , m , n̪ , o , p , r̪|r , s , t̪ , u , v , y , æ , ø , ŋ , ɛ , ɡ , ʃ
• Finnish (ea 2535) (23 segments)
  d̺ , e̞ , f , h , i , j , k , l̺ , m , n̺ , o̞ , p , r̺ , s , t̪ , u , y , æ , ø̞ , ŋ , ɑ , ʋ , ʔː
• Finnish (spa 180) (42 segments)
  a , aː , b , d , eː , e̯ , f , h , i , iː , k , kː , l , lː , m , mː , n , nː , o , oː , p , pː , r , rː , s , sː , t , tː , u , uː , v , y , yː , æ , æː , ø , øː , ŋː , ɛ , ɡ , ʃ , ʔ

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

• Abondolo, Daniel. 1998. Finnish. In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.), The Uralic languages, 149-183. London, New York: Routledge. (cf. référence complète)
• Aeschillus Petraeus. 1649. Linguae Finnicae brevis institutio. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. 88pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Ahokas, Jaakko. 1997. A history of Finnish literature. (Indiana University Publications : Uralic and Altaic Series, 72.) Bloomington, 1973, repr. edn. Richmond: Curzon. 568pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Austerlitz, Robert. 1997. Finnish reader and glossary. (Indiana University Publications : Uralic and Altaic Series, 15.) Bloomington, 1963, repr. edn. Richmond: Curzon. xv+294pp. (Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages / American Council of Learned Societies. Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages / American Council of Learned Societies ; 14). (cf. référence complète)
• Barna, Ferdinánd. 1871. Kalevala: a finnek nemzeti eposza [Kalevala, ein Finnisches Volks-Epos nach dem Original übersetzt von Ferdinand Barna]. Pesten: Nyomatott az "Athenaeum" Nyomdájában. xv+336pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Bartholdus Vhael. 1733. Grammatica Fennica. Aboæ: Kiämpe. 129pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Beronka, Johan. 1922. Syntaktiske iagttagelser fra de finske dialekter i Vadse och Porsanger. Kristiania. (cf. référence complète)
• Buchholz, Eva. 2005. Grammatik der finnischen Sprache. 2nd edn. Bremen: Hempen Verl. viii+202pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Clemens Niemi. 1945. Finnish Grammar. 3rd edn. Innerstate Printing Company, Wisconsin: Wisconsin: Innerstate Printing Company. 208pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Comrie, Bernard. 1975. The Antiergative: Finland´s Answer to Basque. Chicago Linguistic Society 11. (cf. référence complète)
• Corver and van Riemsdijk (eds.) 1994. Notes on movement to the Spec(IP) position in Finnish. In Corver and van Riemsdijk (eds.), Studies on scrambling. Movement and non-movement approaches to free word order phenomena. (cf. référence complète)
• Cronhamn, Sandra. 2018. Quantifying loanwords: A study of borrowability in the Finnish lexicon. (MA thesis, University of Lund; 82pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Dal Pozzo, Lena. 2007. The Finnish noun phrase. Venice: Venezia: Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia. (cf. référence complète)
• Eirola, Martti. 1985. Namibiana in Finland, I: guide to the Finnish archival sources concerning Namibia before 1938. (Studies in history, 2.) Fac. of Arts, Univ. of Joensuu. (cf. référence complète)
• Elenbaas, Nine. 1999. Een unificerende analyse van binaire en ternaire klemtoon: considerations from Sentani and Finnish. Utrecht: Universiteit. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Utrecht; xi+229pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Englund, Robert and Wolf, Werner. 1953. Finnische Sprachlehre. Heidelberg: Groos. viii+274pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Englund, Robert and Wolf, Werner. 1953. Schlüssel zur finnischen Sprachlehre. (Lehrbücher Methode Gaspey-Otto-Sauer.) Heidelberg: Groos. 48pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Erik Wahlberg. 1963. Finska folkmålstexter från Tornedalen. Svenska landmål och svenskt folkliv 64. 1-124. (cf. référence complète)
• Eurén, Gustaf Erik. 1851. Finsk språklära i sammandrag [A synopsis of Finnish grammar]. Åbo: J. W. Lillja & Co. (cf. référence complète)
• Eurén, Gustaf Erik. 1865. Finsk språklära i sammandrag [A synopsis of Finnish grammar]. 2nd edn. Åbo: J. W. Lillja & Co. iv+75pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Ferenc, Havas. 1974. A magyar, a finn és az észt nyelv tipológiai összehasonlítása. (Nyelvtudományi Értekezések, 85.) Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. 90pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Fernandez, M. M. Jocelyne. 1982. Le finnois parlé par les Sames bilingues dUtsjoki-Ohcejohka, Laponie finlandaise: structures contrastives, syntaxiques, discursives. (L'Europe de tradition orale, 1.) Paris: SELAF. 343pp. (Text in French and Finnish; summaries in French, Finnish, English, German, and Russian Cover title: Le finnois des Sames bilingues (Laponie finlandaise) Errata slip inserted Bibliography: p. 313-332. Other Titles: Le Finnois des Sames bilingues (Laponie finlandaise)). (cf. référence complète)
• Fernandez-Vest, M. M. Jocelyne. 2000. Areal grammaticalization and cognitive semantics: les langues fenniques et sames ; actes du Colloque International du C. N. R. S. tenu les 9 et 10 avril 1999 en Sorbonne. (Oural-Ural, 1.) Tallinn: Fond. de la Lang. Esto. 221pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Fromm, Hans and Sadeniemi, M. 1956. Finnisches Elementarbuch, Grammatik. (Sprachwissenschaftliche Studienbücher.) Heidelberg: Winter. (1. Grammatik.--2. Übungsbuch). (cf. référence complète)
• Fromm, Hans. 1982. Finnische Grammatik. Heidelberg: Winter. 304pp. (Includes bibliographical references and index). (cf. référence complète)
• Grünthal, Riho. 2003. Finnic adpositions and cases in change. (Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia, 244.) Helsinki: The Finno-Ugrian Soc. 235pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Hakulinen, Auli and Fred Karlsson. 1979. Nykysuomen lauseoppia. Jyväskylä: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. (cf. référence complète)
• Hakulinen, Auli and Maria Vilkuna and Riitta Korhonen and Vesa Koivisto and Tarja Riitta Heinonen and Irja Alho. 2004. Iso suomen kielioppi. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. 1698pp. (cf. référence complète)
• Hakulinen, Lauri. 1997. The structure and development of the Finnish language. (Indiana University Publications : Uralic and Altaic Series, 3.) Bloomington, 1960, repr. edn. Richmond: Curzon. ix+383pp. (Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages / American Council of Learned Societies. Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages / American Council of Learned Societies ; 50). (cf. référence complète)
• Harms, Robert T. 1964. Finnish Structural Sketch. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (cf. référence complète)
• Harms, Robert Thomas. 1997. Finnish structural sketch. (Indiana University Publications : Uralic and Altaic Series, 42.) Bloomington, 1964, repr. edn. Richmond: Curzon. vii+105pp. (Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages / American Council of Learned Societies. Research and Studies in Uralic and Altaic Languages / American Council of Learned Societies ; 100). (cf. référence complète)
• Harrikari, Heli. 2000. Segmental lenght in Finnish - studies within a constraint-based approach. 33. Helsinki: Univ. of Helsinki. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki; v+151pp.) (cf. référence complète)
• Hasan and loran and Butt (eds.) 1996. Process Types in Finnish: Implicate Order, Covert Categories, and Prototypes. In Hasan and loran and Butt (eds.), Functional Descriptions. Theory in Practice. (cf. référence complète)
• Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa and Campbell, Lyle (eds.) 2006. Grammar from the Human Perspective. Case, space and person in Finnish. (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 277.) Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 292pp. (cf. référence complète)
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Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog

Autres liens sur cette langue

• Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:fin
• OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/fin
• Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=fin
• iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=fin
• Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/fin

Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog