Khmu

Code ISO 639-3: kjg

Classification: Austroasiatic > Khmuic > Khmu' > Khmu

Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)

Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Lamphoune Soundara 2019)

Ressources dans l'entrepôt

Pays ou régions dans lesquelles l'entrepôt dispose d'enregistrements
Région Code Nombre
France FR 6
Laos LA 170
Vietnam VN 1
Rechercher toutes les ressources de l'entrepôt sur cette langue: Khmu

Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS

  • Complex Sentences:'Want' Complement Subjects = "Subject is left implicit" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Complex Sentences:Purpose Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Complex Sentences:Utterance Complement Clauses = "Balanced" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Morphology:Case Syncretism = "No case marking" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Little affixation" (réf. Premsrirat 1987, Smalley 1961 )
  • Morphology:Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking = "No subject person/number marking" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "No case-marking" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "No plural" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "No distributive numerals"
  • Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns = "No inclusive/exclusive" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Categories:Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection = "No person marking" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Special" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Differentiated"
  • Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "No morphological case-marking" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Categories:Number of Genders = "Two" (réf. Premsrirat 1987, Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Numeral Classifiers = "Obligatory"
  • Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "No person marking" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Categories:Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns = "Person-number stem" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "No politeness distinction" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "No case affixes or adpositional clitics" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes = "No possessive affixes" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems = "Sex-based" (réf. Premsrirat 1987, Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Systems of Gender Assignment = "Semantic" (réf. Premsrirat 1987, Smalley 1961 )
  • Nominal Categories:Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives = "Unrelated" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Nominal Syntax:Action Nominal Constructions = "Restricted"
  • Nominal Syntax:Nominal and Verbal Conjunction = "Differentiation"
  • Other:Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks = "Affective meanings"
  • Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Average" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "Moderately low" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "Ultimate" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "None" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "Implosives and glottalized resonants" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Complex" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:The Velar Nasal = "Initial velar nasal" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Phonology:Tone = "Simple tone system" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "None" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "Other" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "No voicing constrast" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Vowel Nasalization = "Contrast absent" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Large (7-14)" (réf. Svantesson 1983 )
  • Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "No weight" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases = "Neutral" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns = "Neutral" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Neutral" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' = "Indirect-object construction" (réf. Premsirat 1991 )
  • Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Optional pronouns in subject position" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present"
  • Simple Clauses:Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions = "Both" (réf. Premsrirat 1987, Svantesson 1983 )
  • Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Absent" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Periphrastic Causative Constructions = "Sequential but no purposive" (réf. Premsrirat 1987, Svantesson 1983 )
  • Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Question particle" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Simple Clauses:Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Non-assignable" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation = "Symmetric" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "No person marking" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "No person marking" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Verbal Categories:Coding of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Other"
  • Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Neither type of system" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "No overlap"
  • Verbal Categories:Perfective/Imperfective Aspect = "No grammatical marking" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "No tense-aspect inflection" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Verbal Categories:Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality = "No grammatical evidentials" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Future Tense = "No inflectional future" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "No second-person imperatives" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Optative = "Inflectional optative absent" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Past Tense = "No past tense" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Perfect = "From 'finish', 'already'" (réf. Dahl 1985 )
  • Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + special negative" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Noun-Adjective" (réf. Premsrirat 1987, Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Prepositions" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "No dominant order" (réf. Premsrirat 1987 )
  • Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Noun-Demonstrative" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Noun-Genitive" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Noun-Numeral" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "VO" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "SV" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SVO" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "Other" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "Final" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "VO and NAdj"
  • Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "VO and Prepositions"
  • Word Order:SVNegO Order = "No SVNegO" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:SVONeg Order = "No SVONeg" (réf. Smalley 1961 )
  • Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages = "Other NegV" (réf. Smalley 1961 )

Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_kmu

Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE

  • KHMU? (upsid 412) (41 segments)
    a , aː , c , cʰ , e , eː , h , i , ia , iː , j , j̰ , k , kʰ , l̪|l , m , n̪|n , o , oː , p , pʰ , r̪|r , s̪|s , t̪|t , t̪ʰ|tʰ , u , ua , uː , w , w̰ , ŋ , ɓ , ɔː , ɗ̪|ɗ , ɘː , ɛː , ɜː , ɨa , ɨː , ɲ , ʔ

Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog

  • Alves, Mark J. 2001. Distributional properties of causative verbs in some Mon-Khmer languages. Mon-Khmer Studies: a Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 31. 107-20. (cf. référence complète)
  • Amon Thavisak. 2001. The effects of glottal finals on pitch in Southeast Asian languages. Mon-Khmer Studies: a Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 31. 57-64. (cf. référence complète)
  • Bauer, Robert S. 2000. Review of: Nghe an Khmu-Vietnamese-Thai-English dictionary, by Suwilai Premsrirat and others. Mon-Khmer Studies 30: 130-31. (cf. référence complète)
  • Bouchet, Alfred Léon. 1935, 1936. Contribution à une étude sur les tribus Xa de la province de Sonla (Haute Rivière Noire, Tonkin). Revue de folklore français et de folklore colonial 6, 7. 280-296, 15-31. (cf. référence complète)
  • Chen, Guoqing. 2001. Kèmù yǔ gàikuàng tài. Minzu Yuwen 2001. 69-79. (cf. référence complète)
  • Chen, Guoqing. 2002. Kemu yu yan jiu. (Zhongguo xin fa xian yu yan yan jiu cong shu.) Di 1 ban. edn. Beijing Shi: Min zu chu ban she. (cf. référence complète)
  • Chen, Guoqing. 2002. Kemuyu yanjiu [A study of Khmu]. Beijing: The Nationalities Press. 329pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Cooper, Susan and Cooper, Michael. 1999. A preliminary phonological analysis of Huay Jo Khmu. PYU Working Papers in Linguistics 3. 137-94. (cf. référence complète)
  • Dai, Qingxia. 2012. Laowo Langnanta Sheng Kemu zu ji qi yuyan [Kammu people and language in Luangnamtha, Lao PDR]. Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. 486pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Damrong Tayanin and Lindell, Kristina. 1994. The Khmu cycles of 60 days and 60 years. Mon-Khmer Studies 23. 103-118. (cf. référence complète)
  • Davies, Henry R. 1909. Yün-Nan: The link between India and the Yangtze. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 491pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Delcros, Henri and Subra, Jean. 1966. Petit dictionaire du language des Khmu' de la région de Xieng Khouang. Vientiane: Mission Catholique. 138pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Garnier, Francis. 1873. Voyage d'exploration en Indo-Chine effectué pendant les années 1866, 1867, et 1868 par une commission française, présedée par Doudart de Lagrée, et publié...sous la direction de...Francis Garnier. Paris: Hachette. 1174pp. (2 vols.) (cf. référence complète)
  • George J. Scott and J. P. Hardiman. 1900. Ethnology with vocabularies. In Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States, 475-727. Rangoon: Superintendent of Government Printing of Burma. (cf. référence complète)
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  • He Lifeng and Tan, William. 2004. Yunnan teshu yuyan yanjiu. Yunnan Minority Language Commission and SIL International Joint Publication Series. (cf. référence complète)
  • Henri Roux and M. Tran-Vân-Chu. 1927. Les Tsa Khmu. Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient 27. 169-222. (cf. référence complète)
  • Jan-Olof Svantesson and Arthur Holmer. 2015. Kammu. In Paul Sidwell and Mathias Jenny (eds.), The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages, 957-1002. Leiden: Brill. (cf. référence complète)
  • Jan-Olof Svantesson and Raw Kam and Kristina Lindell and Håkan Lundstrom. 2013. Dictionary of Kammu Yuan Language and Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 494pp. (cf. référence complète)
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  • Kingsada, Thongphet and Ryuichi Kosaka. 1999. Khmu. In Kingsada, Thongphet and Tadahiko Shintani (eds.), Basic vocabularies of the languages spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R., 318-338. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. (cf. référence complète)
  • Kristina Lindell. 1974. A vocabulary of the Yuan Dialect of the Kammu language. Acta Orientalia 36. 191-207. (cf. référence complète)
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  • Li, Daoyong. 1984. The Kammu people in China and their social customs. Asian Folklore Studies 43. 15-28. (cf. référence complète)
  • Lindell, Kristina and Damrong, Tayanin. 1994. The Khmu cycles of 60 days and 60 years. Mon-Khmer Studies 23. 103-18. (cf. référence complète)
  • Lundström, Håkan. 2002. Kammu vocal genres and performance. Mon-Khmer Studies 32. 131-143. (cf. référence complète)
  • Ong-Arj, Cholthissa. 1988. A phonology of Khmu Lue at Nan province. Salaya: Mahidol Univ. (MA thesis, Mahidol University; x+155pp.) (cf. référence complète)
  • Paul Macey. 1906. Étude ethnographique sur diverses tribus, aborigènes ou autochtones habitant les provinces des Hua-Phano-Ha-Tang-Hoc et du Cammon, au Laos. In Actes du XIVe Congres International des Orientalistes: 1e Tome, 5e Section, 3-63. Paris: Ernest Leroux. (cf. référence complète)
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  • Preisig, Elisabeth and Suksavang Simana and Somseng Sayavong. 1994. Pwm pè hrlo' kmhmu' - Laav - Frang - Angkit (Kmhmu' - Lao - French - English dictionary); Vatca'naanu'kom Kkha'mu' - Laaw - Fa'lang - Angkit (Dictionnaire kmhmu' - lao - français - anglais). Vientiane, Lao: Ministry of Information and Culture, Institute of Research on Culture. 429pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Preisig, Elisabeth and Suksavang Simana. 1997. Kankhongsip khong saophao Ku'mmu = Kmhmu' livelihood: farming the forest. Vientiane, Laos: Kasuang Thalæng Khao læ Vatthanatham, Sthaban Khonkhwa Vatthanatham Lao. (cf. référence complète)
  • Premsirat, Suwilai. 1991. Aspects of inter-clausal relations in Khmu. In: Davidson, Jeremy H.C.S. (ed.) Austroasiatic languages. (cf. référence complète)
  • Premsrirat, Suwilai and Thawornpat, Mayuree. 2002. Dictionary of Khmu in Laos. Mahidol University at Salaya. lvii+282pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Premsrirat, Suwilai. 1987. A Khmu Grammar. In Papers in South-East Asian Linguistics 10, Pacific Linguistics, Series A-75, pp. 1-143. Canberra: Australian National University. (cf. référence complète)
  • Premsrirat, Suwilai. 1987. A Khmu Grammar. In Papers in South-East Asian linguistics 10: Khmu, a minority language of Thailand, 1-143. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. (cf. référence complète)
  • Premsrirat, Suwilai. 1987. Khmu, a Minority Language of Thailand. 10. Canberra: Australian National University. (Einzelaufn.. Pacific Linguistics : Series A, Occasional Papers. Pacific Linguistics : Series A, Occasional Papers ; 75). (cf. référence complète)
  • Premsrirat, Suwilai. 2001. Tonogenesis in Khmu dialects of Southeast Asia. Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Lingu 31. 121-134. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. (cf. référence complète)
  • Proschan, Frank. 1994. Khmu play languages. Mon-Khmer Studies 23. 43-65. (cf. référence complète)
  • Proschan, Frank. 1997. "We are all Kmhmu, just the same": Ethnonyms, ethnic identities, and ethnic groups. American Ethnologist 24. 91-113. (cf. référence complète)
  • Qixiang Yan and Zhizhi Zhou. 2012. Zhongguo Meng Gaomian yuzu yuyan yu Nanya yuxi [The Mon-Khmer languages in China and Austro-Asiatic languages]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian. 676pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • Saurman, Todd. 2001. Review of: I will send my song... Təəm and other Kammu vocal genre in the singing of Kam Raw, by Hakan Lundström. Mon-Khmer Studies: a Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 31: 161-165. (cf. référence complète)
  • Smalley, William A. 1961. Outline of Khmu Structure. American Oriental Series: Essay 2. New Haven, Conneticut: American Oriental Society. (cf. référence complète)
  • Smalley, William A. 1973. Bilbiography of Khmu?. Mon-Khmer Studies 4. 23-32. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai Premsrirat and Bauer, Robert S. and Thomas, David D. 2002. The thesaurus and dictionary series of Khmu dialects in Southeast Asia. (Mon-Khmer studies - Mahidol University special publication, 1.) Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development and SIL International. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai Premsrirat,. 1992. The Khmu colour system and its elaborations. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 21. 131-142. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai Premsrirat,. 2002. Appropriateness in Khmu culture. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 32. 117-129. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai Premsrirat,. 2004. Register complex and tonogenesis in Khmu dialects. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 34. 1-17. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai Premsrirat. 1999. Phonological variation and change in the Khmu dialects of northern Thailand. Mon-Khmer Studies 29. 57-69. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai Premsrirat. 2002. Thesaurus of Khmu Dialects in Southeast Asia. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development Mahidol University, Thailand. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai, Premsrirat. 1992. The Khmu colour system and its elaborations. Mon-Khmer Studies 21. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai, Premsrirat. 1999. Phonological variation and change in the Khmu dialects of northern Thailand. Mon-Khmer Studies 29. 57-69. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai, Premsrirat. 2001. Tonogenesis in Khmu dialect in SEA. Mon-Khmer Studies 31. 47-56. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai, Premsrirat. 2002. Appropriateness in Khmu culture. Mon-Khmer Studies 32. 117-129. (cf. référence complète)
  • Suwilai, Premsrirat. 2004. Register complex and tonogenesis in Khmu dialect. Mon-Khmer Studies 34. 1-18. (cf. référence complète)
  • Takashi Kato. 2000. Khmu Vocabulary. In Tasaku Tsunoda (ed.), Basic Materials in Minority Languages, 23-32. Department of Asian and Pacific Linguistics, Institute of Cross-Cultural Studies, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, University of Tokyo. (cf. référence complète)
  • Thurgood, G.W. (ed.) 1999. A Preliminary Phonological Analysis of Huay Jo Khmu. In Thurgood, G.W. (ed.), Papers from the 9th annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society. (cf. référence complète)
  • Thurgood, G.W. (ed.) 1999. Tonogenesis in Khmu Dialects of Southeast Asia. In Thurgood, G.W. (ed.), Papers from the 9th annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society. (cf. référence complète)
  • Tsunoda, Tasaku (ed.) 2001. Khmu vocabulary. In Tsunoda, Tasaku (ed.), Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim. Basic Materials in Minority Languages 2001. (cf. référence complète)
  • Wang, Jingliu. 2004. Kèmù yŭ [The Kemu language]. In He, Lifeng and William Tan (eds.), Yunnan Teshu Yuyan Yanjiu [Extraordinary languages of Yunnan], 317-360. Kunming: Yunnan Minzu Chubanshe. (cf. référence complète)
  • Warotamasikkhadit and Panakul (eds.) 1997. Phonological variation and change in the Khmu dialects of Northern Thailand. In Warotamasikkhadit and Panakul (eds.), Papers from the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society SEALS IV: 1994. (cf. référence complète)
  • William A. Smalley. 1961. Outline of Khmuʔ Structure. (Essay of the American Oriental Society, 2.) New Haven, Connecticut: American Oriental Society. xix+45pp. (cf. référence complète)
  • William A. Smalley. 1973. Bibliography of Khmu?. Mon-Khmer Studies: A Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics and Languages 4. 23-32. (cf. référence complète)
  • Wongnoppharalert, Saowalak. 1993. Nam Sod Khmu syntactic structure: a study in tagmemics, transformational and case grammar. Salaya: Mahidol Univ. (MA thesis, Mahidol University; xi+142pp.) (cf. référence complète)
  • de Lagrée, Doudart and Garnier, Francis. 1873. Vocabulaires Indo-Chinois. In Voyage d'exploration en Indo-Chine effectué pendant les années 1866, 1867, et 1868 par une commission française, présedée par Doudart de Lagrée, et publié...sous la direction de...Francis Garnier, 495-516. Paris: Hachette. (cf. référence complète)

Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog

Autres liens sur cette langue

Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog