Polish
Code ISO 639-3: pol
Classification: Indo-European > Classical Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavic > West Slavic > Lechitic > Polish
Indice de vitalité: not endangered (AES level: 1) (réf. David M. Eberhard and Gary F. Simons and Charles D. Fennig 2022)
Indice de documentation: Grammar with more than 300 pages (MED level: 0) (réf. Barbara Bartnicka and Björn Hansen and Wojtek Klemm 2004)
Ressources dans l'entrepôt
Région | Code | Nombre | |
---|---|---|---|
France | FR | 4 |
Propriétés (phonologiques, grammaticales, lexicales) de cette langue trouvées dans WALS
- Lexicon:Finger and Hand = "Different" (réf. Bulas and Whitfield 1983 )
- Lexicon:Hand and Arm = "Different" (réf. Bulas and Whitfield 1983 )
- Lexicon:Tea = "Others"
- Morphology:Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology = "Strongly suffixing" (réf. Brooks 1975, Stone 1980, Bielec 1998, Siewierska 1993 )
- Nominal Categories:Asymmetrical Case-Marking = "Syncretism in relevant NP-types" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Nominal Categories:Coding of Nominal Plurality = "Plural suffix" (réf. Stone 1980, Bielec 1998 )
- Nominal Categories:Comitatives and Instrumentals = "Differentiation" (réf. Laskowski 1972 )
- Nominal Categories:Definite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Nominal Categories:Distributive Numerals = "Marked by preceding word" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Nominal Categories:Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns = "3rd person only, but also non-singular" (réf. Szober 1957 )
- Nominal Categories:Indefinite Articles = "No definite or indefinite article" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Nominal Categories:Indefinite Pronouns = "Interrogative-based" (réf. Haspelmath 1997 )
- Nominal Categories:Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns = "Differentiated" (réf. Rothstein 1993 )
- Nominal Categories:Number of Cases = "6-7 cases" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Nominal Categories:Ordinal Numerals = "First, second, three-th" (réf. Wójtowcz 1972 )
- Nominal Categories:Person Marking on Adpositions = "No person marking" (réf. Szober 1957 )
- Nominal Categories:Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns = "Binary politeness distinction" (réf. Mühlhäusler and Harré 1990 )
- Nominal Categories:Position of Case Affixes = "Case suffixes" (réf. Bielec 1998, Stone 1980 )
- Nominal Categories:The Associative Plural = "Associative same as additive plural" (réf. Mikhalik 1984 )
- Nominal Syntax:Noun Phrase Conjunction = "'And' different from 'with'" (réf. Brooks 1975 )
- Phonology:Absence of Common Consonants = "All present"
- Phonology:Consonant Inventories = "Moderately large"
- Phonology:Consonant-Vowel Ratio = "High"
- Phonology:Fixed Stress Locations = "Penultimate" (réf. Franks 1985 )
- Phonology:Front Rounded Vowels = "None"
- Phonology:Glottalized Consonants = "No glottalized consonants"
- Phonology:Lateral Consonants = "/l/, no obstruent laterals"
- Phonology:Presence of Uncommon Consonants = "None"
- Phonology:Rhythm Types = "Trochaic" (réf. Franks 1985 )
- Phonology:Syllable Structure = "Complex"
- Phonology:Tone = "No tones"
- Phonology:Uvular Consonants = "None"
- Phonology:Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems = "None missing in /p t k b d g/"
- Phonology:Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives = "In both plosives and fricatives"
- Phonology:Vowel Quality Inventories = "Average (5-6)"
- Phonology:Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems = "No weight" (réf. Franks 1985 )
- Phonology:Weight-Sensitive Stress = "Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)" (réf. Franks 1985 )
- Simple Clauses:Alignment of Verbal Person Marking = "Accusative" (réf. Szober 1957 )
- Simple Clauses:Expression of Pronominal Subjects = "Subject clitics on variable host" (réf. Stone 1980 )
- Simple Clauses:Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation = "Predicate negation also present" (réf. Haspelmath 1997 )
- Simple Clauses:Negative Morphemes = "Negative particle" (réf. Stone 1980, Bielec 1998 )
- Simple Clauses:Nominal and Locational Predication = "Identical" (réf. Brooks 1975 )
- Simple Clauses:Order of Person Markers on the Verb = "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" (réf. Szober 1957 )
- Simple Clauses:Passive Constructions = "Present" (réf. Szober 1957 )
- Simple Clauses:Polar Questions = "Question particle" (réf. Stone 1980, Bielec 1998 )
- Simple Clauses:Predicative Adjectives = "Nonverbal encoding" (réf. Brooks 1975 )
- Simple Clauses:Predicative Possession = "'Have'"
- Simple Clauses:Reciprocal Constructions = "Mixed" (réf. Wiemer 2007 )
- Simple Clauses:Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking = "No zero realization" (réf. Szober 1957 )
- Simple Clauses:Verbal Person Marking = "Only the A argument" (réf. Szober 1957 )
- Simple Clauses:Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals = "Possible" (réf. Brooks 1975 )
- Verbal Categories:Epistemic Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Mazur 1983 )
- Verbal Categories:Imperative-Hortative Systems = "Neither type of system"
- Verbal Categories:Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking = "Overlap for both possibility and necessity" (réf. Mazur 1983 )
- Verbal Categories:Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes = "Tense-aspect suffixes" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Verbal Categories:Situational Possibility = "Verbal constructions" (réf. Brooks 1975 )
- Verbal Categories:Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect = "Tense and aspect" (réf. Mazur 1983 )
- Verbal Categories:Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives = "None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material)"
- Verbal Categories:The Morphological Imperative = "Second singular and second plural" (réf. Rothstein 1993 )
- Verbal Categories:The Prohibitive = "Normal imperative + normal negative" (réf. Rothstein 1993 )
- Verbal Categories:Verbal Number and Suppletion = "None" (réf. Mazur 1983 )
- Word Order:Minor morphological means of signaling negation = "None" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:NegSVO Order = "No NegSVO" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Order of Adjective and Noun = "Adjective-Noun" (réf. Bielec 1998, Brooks 1975 )
- Word Order:Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "Prepositions" (réf. Bielec 1998, Brooks 1975, Stone 1980 )
- Word Order:Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause = "Initial subordinator word" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Order of Degree Word and Adjective = "Degree word-Adjective" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Order of Demonstrative and Noun = "Demonstrative-Noun"
- Word Order:Order of Genitive and Noun = "Noun-Genitive" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb = "NegV" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Order of Numeral and Noun = "Numeral-Noun" (réf. Brooks 1975 )
- Word Order:Order of Object and Verb = "VO" (réf. Brooks 1975, Siewierska 1993 )
- Word Order:Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "Noun-Relative clause"
- Word Order:Order of Subject and Verb = "No dominant order" (réf. Siewierska 1993 )
- Word Order:Order of Subject, Object and Verb = "SVO" (réf. Brooks 1975, Siewierska 1993 )
- Word Order:Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions = "Initial interrogative phrase"
- Word Order:Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb = "SNegVO" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Position of Polar Question Particles = "Initial" (réf. Bielec 1998, Stone 1980 )
- Word Order:Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb = "Immed preverbal" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Postnominal relative clauses = "Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant"
- Word Order:Postverbal Negative Morphemes = "None" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Preverbal Negative Morphemes = "NegV" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun = "VO and AdjN"
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase = "VO and Prepositions"
- Word Order:Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun = "VO and NRel"
- Word Order:SNegVO Order = "Word&NoDoubleNeg" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:SVNegO Order = "No SVNegO" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:SVONeg Order = "No SVONeg" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
- Word Order:The Position of Negative Morphemes in SVO Languages = "SNegVO" (réf. Bielec 1998 )
Pour plus de précisions voir sur WALS (World Atlas of Language Structures), Cf. http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_pol
Inventaires de phonèmes de cette langue trouvés dans PHOIBLE
-
Polish (ea 2604) (35 segments) ä , b , c , dʑ , d̪ , d̪z̪ , f , i , ĩ̯ , j , k , m , n̪ , p , s̪ , tɕ , t̪ , t̪s̪ , u , ũ̯ , v , w , x , z̪ , ɔ , ɕ , ɖ̻ʐ̻ , ɘ̟ , ɛ , ɟ , ɡ , ʂ̻ , ʈ̻ʂ̻ , ʐ̻ , ʑ
-
Polish (ph 1046) (37 segments) a , b , c , dʑ , d̪ , d̪z̪ , d̻z̻ , e , f , i , j , k , l̪ , m , n̪ , o , p , r , s̪ , s̻ , tɕ , t̪ , t̪s̪ , t̻s̻ , u , v , w , x , z̪ , z̻ , ŋ , ɕ , ɟ , ɡ , ɨ , ɲ , ʑ
Références bibliographiques sur cette langue trouvées dans Glottolog
- Anderson, Stephen. 1966. Aspects on the Theory of Clitics. (X.) (cf. référence complète)
- Barbara Bartnicka and Björn Hansen and Wojtek Klemm. 2004. Grammatik des Polnischen. München: Otto Sagner. 630pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Bielec, Dana. 1998. Polish: An Essential Grammar. London: Routledge. xiii+294pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Brad Sabin Hill. 2015. Judeo-Slavic. In Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin (eds.), Handbook of Jewish languages, 599-618. Leiden: Brill. (cf. référence complète)
- Brooks, Maria Zagorska. 1975. Polish Reference Grammar. (SPRT, 2.) The Hague: Mouton. xvi+580pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Bulas, Kazimierz and Francis J. Whitfield. 1983. The Kosciuszko Foundation Dictionary. Volume 1: English-Polish and Volume 2: Polish-English. New York: The Kosciuszko Foundation. (cf. référence complète)
- Dornisch, Ewa. 1999. Multiple WH-Questions in Polish: the interactions between Wh-Phrases and Clitics. Ann Arbor: UMI. 275pp. (Cornell Univ., PhD Thesis, 1998). (cf. référence complète)
- Eichler, Ernst and Walther, Hans. 1990. Onomastica Slavogermanica XIX: Hans Walther zum 70. Geburtstag. (Abhandlungen der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig : Philologisch-historische Klasse, 73.2.) Berlin: Akademie-Verl. 257pp. (Einzelaufn. eines Ztsch.heftes). (cf. référence complète)
- Feldstein, Ronald and Franks, Steven. 2002. Polish. (Languages of the WorldMaterials, 393.) München: LINCOM Europa. iii+138pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Feliks Pluta. 1963, 1964. Dialekt głogówecki. Wroclaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 132+153pp. (2 vols.) (cf. référence complète)
- Franks, S. 1985. Extrametricality and Stress in Polish. Linguistic Inquiry 16. 144-151. (cf. référence complète)
- Gussmann, Edmund. 2007. The phonology of Polish. (The phonology of the world's languages.) Oxford: Oxford University Press. xii+367pp. (Includes bibliographical references (p. [313]-322) and indexes). (cf. référence complète)
- Hansen, Björn. 2001. Das slavische Modalauxiliar: Semantik und Grammatikalisierung im Russischen, Polnischen, Serbisch/Kroatischen und Altkirchenslavischen. (Slavolinguistica, 2.) München: Sagner. 452pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Janusz Kucharczyk. 1999. Zaczynam Móvić po Polsku. Łódż: WING. (cf. référence complète)
- Kopecka, Anetta. 2004. Étude typologique de l'expression de l'espace : localisation et déplacement en Français et en Polonais. Lyon: Univ. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Lyon; 332pp.) (cf. référence complète)
- Laskowski, Roman. 1972. Polnische Grammatik. Leipzig: Verlag Enyklopädie. (cf. référence complète)
- Ludwik Zabrocki. 1934. Gwara Borów Tucholskich: Szkic historyczno-genetyczny. (Prace Komisji filologicznej, 7(1).) Poznań: Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk. 144pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Mazur, B.W. 1983. Colloquial Polish. The Complete Course for Beginners. London and New York: Routledge. (cf. référence complète)
- Michalik, Risard. 1984. Kratka polska gramatika. Sofija: Nauka i izkustvo. 189pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Mikhalik, Rishard. 1984. Kratka polska gramatika. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo. (cf. référence complète)
- Mühlhäusler, Peter and Harré, Rom. 1990. Pronouns and People: the Linguistic construction of social and personal identity. Oxford: Blackwell. (cf. référence complète)
- Petrus Statorius. 1568. Polonicae grammaticae institutio. Wirzbięta. 216pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Pilsudski, Bronislaw. 1987. Materials for the Study of the Orok (Uilta) Language and Folklore 2. Poznan': Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. 286pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Piotr Bąk. 1968. Gwara okolic Kramska w powiecie Konińskim. Wroclaw: Zakad Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 153pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. 1993. Hippocrene Practical Dictionary Polish-English, English-Polish (Completely Revised). Hippocrene Books, New York. (cf. référence complète)
- Ronald F. Feldstein. 2001. A Concise Polish Grammar. Durham: SEELRC. 106pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Rubach, Jerzy and Geert Booij. 1966. Syllable structure assignment in Polish. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia (ALH) X. (cf. référence complète)
- S. A. Tokarev and N. N. Čeboksarov. 1964. Narody Zarubežnoj Evropy I. (Narody Mira.) Moscow: Akademia Nauk SSSR. 1018pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Seo, Seunghyun. 2001. The frequency of null subject in Russian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian: an analysis according to morphosyntactic environments. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Indiana; x+251pp.) (cf. référence complète)
- Siewierska, Anna. 1993. Syntactic weight vs. information structure and word order variation in Polish. Journal of Linguistics 29. 233-265. (cf. référence complète)
- Stanisław Zaborowski. 1519. Grammatices rudimenta seu octo partium orationis examen. Kraków. (cf. référence complète)
- Stieber, Zdzisl/aw. 1973. A historical phonology of the Polish language. (Historical phonology of the Slavic languages, 05.) Heidelberg: Winter. 171pp. (Includes bibliographies). (cf. référence complète)
- Stone, Gerald. 1980. An Introduction to Polish. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (cf. référence complète)
- Swan, O.E. 1966. A grammar of contemporary Polish. (X.) (cf. référence complète)
- Swan, Oscar E. 2002. A grammar of contemporary Polish. Bloomington: Slavica. 496pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Szober, Stanislaw. 1957. Gramatyka Jezyka Polskiego. Warszawa: Powszechne Wydawnictwo Naukowe. (cf. référence complète)
- Szober, Stanisław. 1931. Gramatyka Języka Polskiego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo M. Arcta. 292+202pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Tixomirova, T. S. 1978. Pol'skij Jazyk. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta. 208pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Townsend, Charles E. and Janda, Laura A. 1996. Common &[and] comparative Slavic: phonology &[and] inflection with special attention to Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian &[and] Bulgarian. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publ. 310pp. (cf. référence complète)
- Urbanczyk, Stanislaw. 1987. Gramatyka wspólczesnego jezyka polskiego: skladnia, morfologia, fonologia. Warszawa: Panstw. Wydawn. Naukowe. (cf. référence complète)
- Wiemer, Björn. (forthc.) Reciprocal and reflexive constructions in Polish. In Vladimir Nedjalkov, ed., (with the assistance of Emma Geniusiene and Zlatka Guentcheva). Typology of reciprocal constructions. München: Lincom Europa. (cf. référence complète)
- Wójtowicz, Janina. 1972. Die polnischen Zahlen in Dialogen. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna. (cf. référence complète)
- Zagórski, Zygmunt. 1967. Gwary północnej Wielkopolski. (Prace Wydziału Filologicznego UAM, Seria Filologia Polska, 12.) Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza. 232+36pp. (cf. référence complète)
Seules sont affichées les 100 premières référence. Pour une liste exhaustive sur Glottolog
Autres liens sur cette langue
- Wikipedia: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639:pol
- OLAC: http://www.language-archives.org/language/pol
- Glottolog: http://glottolog.org/glottolog?iso=pol
- iso639: http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=pol
- Lexvo: http://www.lexvo.org/page/iso639-3/pol
Informations tirées de Lexvo.org, de dbpedia.org, de WALS, de PHOIBLE, et de Glottolog